The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, combined with chemotherapeutic agents, has been shown to prolong overall survival in physically fit patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but not in those with coexisting conditions. We investigated the benefit of the type 2, glycoengineered antibody obinutuzumab (also known as GA101) as compared with that of rituximab, each combined with chlorambucil, in patients with previously untreated CLL and coexisting conditions.We randomly assigned 781 patients with previously untreated CLL and a score higher than 6 on the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) (range, 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating worse health status) or an estimated creatinine clearance of 30 to 69 ml per minute to receive chlorambucil, obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil, or rituximab plus chlorambucil. The primary end point was investigator-assessed progression-free survival.The patients had a median age of 73 years, creatinine clearance of 62 ml per minute, and CIRS score of 8 at baseline. Treatment with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil or rituximab-chlorambucil, as compared with chlorambucil monotherapy, increased response rates and prolonged progression-free survival (median progression-free survival, 26.7 months with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil vs. 11.1 months with chlorambucil alone; hazard ratio for progression or death, 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13 to 0.24; P<0.001; and 16.3 months with rituximab-chlorambucil vs. 11.1 months with chlorambucil alone; hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.57; P<0.001). Treatment with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil, as compared with chlorambucil alone, prolonged overall survival (hazard ratio for death, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.74; P=0.002). Treatment with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil, as compared with rituximab-chlorambucil, resulted in prolongation of progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.49; P<0.001) and higher rates of complete response (20.7% vs. 7.0%) and molecular response. Infusion-related reactions and neutropenia were more common with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil than with rituximab-chlorambucil, but the risk of infection was not increased.Combining an anti-CD20 antibody with chemotherapy improved outcomes in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. In this patient population, obinutuzumab was superior to rituximab when each was combined with chlorambucil. (Funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01010061.).
Additional file 8: Table S7. KEGG enrichment analysis of the epigenetic burden hypo- and hyper- methylated genes separately, revealed common pathways among CLL cases.
The introduction of B-cell receptor inhibitors including Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ibrutinib and acalabrutinib) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors (idelalisib and duvelisib), as well as the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax has dramatically improved management options for patients with high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (HR-CLL). These fortunate developments have downscaled the role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHCT) in this patient population and shifted research activities from alloHCT to newer therapeutic approaches. Nonetheless, despite the effectiveness of targeted novel agents (NAs), drug intolerance, primary resistance, progression, and Richter’s transformation (RT) remain serious limitations for many patients. For patients who experience progression or toxicity on all of the available NAs, outcomes remain poor.1,2 For young, fit patients, in whom NAs are not expected to provide long-term disease control or with high-grade transformation, alloHCT is still a viable option.3 AlloHCT harbors the potential for long-term disease control,4 but is associated with severe risks like chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a significant percentage of non-relapse mortality and last but not least (early) relapse. Against this background, strategies to improve the outcome of alloHCT in HR-CLL and RT are needed, but scarce. We report the course of 3 intensively pretreated HR-CLL patients (including one with RT) who received peritransplant obinutuzumab within the prospective CLL-TX1 trial, a single-arm, phase-II study for patients with HR-CLL or RT of the German CLL Study Group (NCT03153514) (for Consort diagram, please refer to Suppplemental Digital Content 1, https://links.lww.com/HS/A212). Obinutuzumab is a humanized type-II CD20 antibody, which has shown superior efficacy in comparison to rituximab by inducing direct cell death as well as enhanced antibody dependant cellular cytotoxicity.5 Unfortunately, the trial coincided with a multitude of trials testing NAs for the respective patient population and with approvals of NAs for CLL, so that the decision was made to discontinue enrollment due to slow recruitment. Patients were enrolled between November 2017 and April 2018. The competent review boards approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Patients were eligible for inclusion, if they had 1. Documented CLL according to International Workshop on CLL (iwCLL) criteria,6 requiring alloHCT consistent with the consensus statement of the European Research Initiative on CLL (ERIC) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)7: a. Nonresponse or early relapse within 24 months after purine analogue combination therapy or treatment of similar efficacy plus TP53 mutation, deletion (del)17p and/or del11 plus response to NAs or b. Nonresponse or early relapse within 24 months after purine analog combination therapy or treatment of similar efficacy and refractory to or nontolerating NAs. 2. Transformation of CLL to aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (RT). Both fully HLA-matched (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB, and -DQB1) related and unrelated donors were allowed. The conditioning regimen was fludarabine 30 mg/m2 i.v. day (d) −6 to −2 and busulphan 3.2 mg/kg i.v. from d −5 (or −4, based on the patient’s general condition) to d −3. Patients received obinutuzumab 100 mg i.v. on d −8, 900 mg on d −7 followed by 1000 mg on d −1, +7, and +14. A second cycle obinutuzumab (1000 mg i.v. once per week for 4 wks) was allowed in case of active disease and/or minimal residual disease (MRD) positivity around d+60, +90, +180 or +270 posttransplant. GVHD prophylaxis included cyclosporine A and mycophenolate mofetil. Pretransplant characteristics of patients are summarized in Table 1. Patient 1 was diagnosed with RT and patients 2 and 3 with HR-CLL. All patients had received multiple lines of previous therapies including at least 1 (patient with RT) or 3 (patients with HR-CLL) NAs (see Table 1). All 3 patients achieved a partial response, but with significant residual disease activity, before alloHCT (see Table 1). Patient 1 had a sibling donor, whereas patients 2 and 3 had unrelated donors. Cycle 1 of obinutuzumab was completed as per protocol in all three patients. Patient 1 and patient 3 received a second cycle of obinutuzumab: Patient 1 due to MRD positivity (ie, 1 CLL cell in 100 leukocytes or less) in the peripheral blood and bone marrow on d+61 and patient 3 due to an intermediate MRD status (ie, 1 CLL cell in 10,000 to more than 100 leukocytes) in the peripheral blood on d+195. Of note patient 1 achieved MRD reduction to intermediate MRD status on d+106 and to MRD negativity (flow-cytometric with a cutoff of 10−4 [ie, <1 cell in 10,000 leukocytes]) on d+180, despite elevation of immunosuppressive therapy during this period in the context of a GVHD episode. In patient 3, the start of the second cycle obinutuzumab was delayed for logistical reasons until d+257. Subsequently, a negative MRD status was measured with a time delay at this point. The administered immunosuppressive therapy was stable between d+195 and d+257. Table 1. - Baseline Characteristics of Patients Included in the CLL-TX1 Trial Patient 1 Patient 2 Patient 3 Age at alloHCT (y) 57 57 66 Gender Male Male Male Diagnosis RT (DLBCL) CLL CLL Years from diagnosis to alloHCT 5 12 12 Prior treatments 1. FC 1. Chlorambucil 1. FCR 2. BR 2. FC 2. Ofatumumuab 3. Ibrutinib 3. R 3. Venetoclax 4. R-CHOP 4. BR 4. Ibrutinib + obinutuzumab 5. R-DHAP 5. R-idelalisib 6. Ibrutinib 5. Ibrutinib 7. Venetoclax 6. Idelalisib + obinutuzumab No. prior NAs 1 3 3 Disease status before conditioning PR (lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and 30% BM infiltration) PR (residual lymphadenopathy, 20%–30% BM infiltration) PR (lymphadenopathy up to 4.3 cm, 0.01% CLL cells in BM) Cytogenetics Del (17p) No No Yes Del(11q) No No No Trisomy 12 Yes Yes No Del (13q) No Yes No Complex karyotype ≥ 3 Yes No No Complex karyotype ≥ 5 No No No Molecular genetics Unmutated IGHV Yes No Yes Mutated TP53 No No Yes After failure of ibrutinib BTK mutation No n.d. No PLCgamma mutation n.d. n.d. No Donor type Related; fully HLA-matched Unrelated; fully HLA-matched Unrelated; fully HLA-matched HCT-CI 5 0 6 Conditioning regimen FluBu 2 FluBu 3 FluBu 2 CD34+ cells transplanted 13.59 × 106/kg 6.27 × 106/kg 8.07 × 106/kg Bulky disease (Lymph node size ≥ 5 cm) No No No alloHCT = allogeneic stem cell transplantation; BM = bone marrow; BR = bendamustine + rituximab; CLL = chronic lymphocytic leukemia; del = deletion; DLBCL = diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; FC(R) = fludarabine + cyclophosphamide (+ rituximab); FluBu 2 = fludarabine 30 mg/m2 day −6 to −2 + busulphan 3.2 mg/kg i.v. day −4 and −3; FluBu 3 = fludarabine 30 mg/m2 day −6 to −2 + busulphan 3.2 mg/kg i.v. day −5 to −3; HCT-CI = hematopoietic cell transplantation- specific comorbidity index; HLA = human leukocyte antigen system; IGHV = immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region; NA = targeted novel agents (including ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax); n.d. = not done; PR = partial response; R = rituximab; R-CHOP = rituximab + cyclophosphamide + hydroxydaunorubicin + vincristine + prednisone; R-DHAP = rituximab + dexamethasone + cytarabine + cisplatin; RT = Richter’s transformation. Neutrophil engraftment (absolute neutrophil count > 0.5 × 108/L) was achieved on d + 25 (patient 1), d +11 (patient 2), and d +15 (patient 3). Platelet engraftment (platelets > 20 × 108/L) occurred in patient 2 on d +10. Platelets did not drop below this threshold in patients 1 and 3. Complete lymphohematopoietic donor chimerism was achieved on d +180 (patient 1), d +171 (patient 2), and d +151 (patient 3). Nonhematopoietic toxicity was modest and lay within the expected range. In total, 9 serious adverse events (SAEs) and one serious adverse reaction (pyrexia, CTC [Common Terminology Criteria] grade 1) that were assessed as possibly related to the study drug occurred during the 2-year trial phase. Reported SAEs were all related to infections including three cases of pneumonia, one Escherichia coli sepsis, one Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gastritis, one Herpes simplex infection, one Parainfluenza virus infection, and one infection not otherwise specified. All 3 patients developed acute GVHD (≤grade 2), no severe acute GVHD (≥grade 3) was reported. Clinically relevant chronic GVHD occurred in 2 patients: mild ocular chronic GVHD was diagnosed on d +526 in patient 1, and in patient 2, an episode of pulmonal chronic GVHD was suspected in the context of a CMV-pneumonia on d +169. Respiratory symptoms were fully reversible after adequate antiviral treatment and steroid administration. All 3 patients were free of systemic immunosuppression 1 year after alloHCT. At 2 years after alloHCT, MRD negativity in peripheral blood and bone marrow was achieved in all three patients (see Fig. 1 for individual levels of MRD at certain times after alloHCT). Patient 1 was assessed with a partial response according to IWCLL guidelines6 due to a borderline enlarged spleen. Patients 2 and 3 both had a complete response (CR). With database closure for follow-up on September 30, 2021 (46, 42, and 41 mo after alloHCT, respectively, for patients 1, 2. and 3) all three patients are alive without signs of relapse.Figure 1.: Course of MRD after alloHCT for patient 1, 2, and 3 assessed in bone marrow (open circles) and peripheral blood (filled circles). The first measuring point (reverted triangle) indicates the MRD status in the bone marrow before start of conditioning regimen for alloHCT. alloHCT = allogeneic stem cell transplantation; MRD = minimal residual disease.A number of publications have described different approaches in transplantation for Richter8,9 and CLL patients,3,8,10–12 including the addition of the CD20 antibodies rituximab13,14 and ofatumomab.15,16 To our knowledge, however, this is the first report of the addition of the CD20-antibody obinutuzumab peritransplant for patients with HR-CLL or RT. Adding obinutuzumab to low-intensity conditioning in the setting of HR-CLL and RT was feasible and safe. In this prospectively followed cohort of 3 patients, all heavily pretreated and with active disease before transplant, complete donor chimerism as well as MRD negativity in peripheral blood and bone marrow was achieved in all cases and all were free of systemic immunosuppressants 1 year after transplantation latest. Posttransplant GVHD and infectious complications could be well managed in all 3 patients. Still the addition of B-cell depletion to alloHCT conditioning certainly harbors the risk of increased infectious complications and a close monitoring is warranted. Of note, to date >3 years after transplantation, none of the patients died or experienced relapse. Even though the broad availability of NAs has cut back the role of alloHCT in CLL, we now increasingly see patients who progress through multiple lines of NAs or develop RT and for whom alloHCT is a feasible option; therefore, strategies to reduce risks of alloHCT are needed. Against this backdrop and given the favorable course of all 3 patients followed in our trial, the addition of obinutuzumab to reduced-intensity conditioning alloHCT for patients with HR-CLL and RT is something to consider, but further evaluation is warranted. Acknowledgments The CLL-TX1 trial (NCT03153514) was planned and conducted as an investigator initiated trial by the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). The trial was supported by a research grant and provision of obinutuzumab from F. Hoffmann-La Roche. We wish to thank all patients and physicians for their participation in the study. We further thank Aline Zey and Anne Westermann who worked as project managers, Henrik Gerwin and Annette Beer who worked as data managers, and Tanja Annolleck and Sabine Frohs who worked as safety managers in the trial. Disclosures MvBB received honoraria and research funding from F. Hoffmann LaRoche, Kite/Gilead, Novartis, MSD, Amgen, Mologen, Astellas and BMS. PC reports research funding from AbbVie, Acerta, AstraZeneca, Beigene, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag and Novartis, honoraria for scientific talks by AbbVie, AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche and Janssen-Cilag and for advisory boards by AbbVie, Acerta, AstraZeneca, Janssen-Cilag and Novartis, as well as travel grants by AbbVie, F. Hoffmann LaRoche, Gilead, and Janssen-Cilag. PD reports consultancy for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, bluebird bio, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Riemser, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche; speakers bureau for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Novartis, Riemser, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche; research support from Riemser. BE reports speaker’s honoraria, advisory board and travel grant from F. Hoffmann-LaRoche. KF reports travel grants and honoraria from F. Hoffmann-LaRoche as well as honoraria from Abbvie. MH reports consultant or advisory board member, honoraria and research support by Abbvie, Celgene F. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Gilead, Janssen and Boehringer Ingelheim. MR reports advisory boards for F. Hoffmann-LaRoche and honoraria from Astra-Zeneca. JS received lecture fees and advisory board member honoraria from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Janssen, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche, and Gilead. ST received reimbursement (travel costs) or honoraria for symposia or advisory boards from Amgen, GSK, Sanofi, Janssen, Celgene, and Takeda. All the other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
7531 Background: The immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide (len) has shown clinical activity in CLL. It has been associated with an increased rate of second primary malignancies (SPM) in multiple myeloma (MM). In MM degradation of transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos leads to its anti-tumor activity and T-cell activation; in CLL, its mechanism of action has not been determined yet. In our CLLM1 trial, 2 of 56 pts developed BCR-ABL positive B-ALL during or after len maintenance; there were no B-ALL cases in the placebo group. Methods: We screened all phase III trials using len in CLL pts for reported B-ALL cases, obtained reports of B-ALL cases in CLL from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and analysed available data for B-ALL cases in five non-len GCLLSG trials in order to estimate the incidence of B-ALL in CLL pts not exposed to len. In the 2 CLLM1 pts, PCR was performed for detection of BCR-ABL before B-ALL diagnosis and clonal relationships of B-ALL and CLL will be assessed by NGS. Results: In 3 phase III trials (CLLM1, CONTINUUM, ORIGIN) evaluating the use of len in CLL, a total of 846 pts were enrolled, 438 receiving len monotherapy. Five out of 438 pts (1,1%) developed B-ALL during treatment (n = 1) or after discontinuation (n = 4). No B-ALL cases were reported in the control groups including 408 pts. Of the 5 pts, 2 received len as firstline and 3 as maintenance therapy, median length of exposure was 32 months (range 15-47), median age at B-ALL diagnosis was 69 years (range 60-82). Both CLLM1 pts were categorized as ‘high risk’ or ‘very high risk’ according to CLL-IPI, 1 pt featuring a TP53 mutation, both with unmutated IGHV. BCR-ABL could not be detected at any time point before ALL diagnosis, clonal relationship of B-ALL and CLL is currently being analysed. In 2015 pts treated within 5 non-len GCLLSG trials, only 2 cases of B-ALL were identified (0,1%); this underscores the assumption that secondary B-ALL is usually a rare event in CLL. Conclusions: According to a large GCLLSG cohort and in accordance with published data on SPM in CLL, B-ALL is a rare event in CLL patients. In CLL patients treated with len either as firstline or maintenance therapy following chemotherapy, an increased number of B-ALL was observed, the reason for this increase is unknown.
