Laboratory visible and near‐infrared reflectance spectra of solid rock slabs, mineral separates and systematic mixtures were simultaneously investigated. We apply an empirical approach to evaluate spectra, in order to achieve qualitative and quantitative information. We use cumulates (mostly norites, leuconorites, melanorites and anorthosites) belonging to the Bjerkreim‐Sokndal Layered Intrusion, a sequence of genetically related rocks with simple textures. Laboratory spectra are measured on slightly polished rock slabs in the 350‐ to 2500‐nm interval and directional‐hemispherical reflectance geometry. Composition is determined using traditional techniques other than reflectance spectroscopy. We find that: (1) band minima measured on rock spectra are strongly influenced by the concurrent effects due to modal abundance of the spectroscopically active mineral and mineral chemistry; (2) band depths can be used for semiquantitative analyses, limited to the set of rocks investigated; (3) the spectral parameters derived from powdered pyroxene are in agreement with previously published calibrations; (4) the mineral mixture systematics can be reasonably considered as linear, when pyroxene is mixed with neutral components; and (5) the empirical evaluation of solid rock surface spectra needs further insights to give a great improvement to planetary researches. In addition, genetic sequences of rocks should be investigated in detail to help the geological interpretation of planetary evolution. Therefore more laboratory and analytical studies are required in order to understand the influence of composition and petrographic textures on the spectral analysis.
Objectives Amniotic fluid is important for the maintenance of fetal well‐being; therefore, an amniotic fluid deficiency, ie, oligohydramnios, can have multiple impacts on the prognosis of the pregnancy. In some cases, there are no evident fetal or maternal causes, and the condition is called isolated oligohydramnios. The aim of our study was to validate maternal intravenous and oral hydration therapy as a means for improvement of isolated oligohydramnios in the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods We conducted a prospective randomized controlled study on pregnancies complicated by idiopathic oligohydramnios (group A, 66 women) with a control group of women with normal pregnancies without oligohydramnios (group B, 71 women). Oligohydramnios was diagnosed using the amniotic fluid index (AFI; <5 cm). Sonographic examinations were performed with a convex 3.5‐MHz probe. Group A underwent 6 days of intravenous infusion of 1500 mL of an isotonic solution per day. An AFI measurement, a nonstress test, and a fetal biophysical profile were performed at 0 and 7 days. Group A was randomized into subgroups A1 and A2. Subgroup A1 was prescribed home oral hydration therapy of 1500 mL/d and subgroup A2 2500 mL/d. We considered the AFI to compare the effectiveness of the therapy. Results General features did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups. In group A, the mean AFI ± SD at recruitment was 39.68 ± 11.11 mm; in group B, it was 126.92 ± 10.59 mm ( P < .001). In group A, the mean AFI at 7 days was 77.70 ± 15.03 mm; in group B, it was unchanged. In subgroup A1, the mean AFI at birth was 86.21 ± 16.89 mm; in subgroup A2, it was 112.45 ± 14.92 mm ( P < .001). Conclusions Our data show that in pregnancies complicated by isolated oligohydramnios, hydration therapy significantly improves the quantity of amniotic fluid.
Hyperspectral remote sensing is recognized as a powerful tool for mineralogical mapping of exposed surfaces on Earth and planets, as well. It allows for more rigorous discrimination among materials than multispectral imaging. Nevertheless, the huge data volume that comes with single observations results in severe limitations to successful data exploitation. Many techniques of feature reduction that have been developed so far do not allow for the complete exploitation of the informational content of the hyper-dimensional space. The present investigation aims at providing a feature reduction technique that preserves the spectral information and improves the classification results. We accomplished the feature reduction of synthetic and real hypercubes through exponential Gaussian optimization (EGO) and compared the results of k-means, spectral angle mapper (SAM), support vector machines (SVMs), and CLUES clustering techniques. The results show that the k-means clustering of hyper-dimensional spaces is the most efficient technique, but it does not automatically retrieve the optimal number of clusters. The SAM and SVM techniques give discrete results in terms of data partitioning, although the process of endmembers' selection is challenging and the definition of model parameters is not trivial. The combination of EGO modeling and CLUES algorithm allows for correctly estimating the number of clusters and deriving the accurate partitions when the cluster separability lies on two variables, at least. With real data, the CLUES clustering in the reduced space allows for higher overall performances than the more conventional techniques, although it underestimates the number of categories.
Bone marrow cells collected from normal donors and from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and cultures of the K562 leukaemic cell line, were investigated after treatment with hematin and low-energy gamma rays from a 57Co Mössbauer source. Different degrees of growth inhibition were observed for bone marrow cultures and for the leukaemic cell line K562. Exposure to light irradiation during sample treatments was also investigated. The results seem promising and it is author's belief that cell inactivation by Mössbauer effect could have future applications in the field of tumor pathology as an alternative to or in the support of conventional radiotherapy.
To assess longitudinally the echocardiographic findings in a cohort of women carrying an uncomplicated monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancy and compare them with those obtained from dichorionic (DC) twin gestations. Healthy women with MC twin pregnancies were submitted to serial transthoracic maternal echocardiography during the first, second and third trimester. Cases with severe obstetric complications after enrolment were eventually excluded. The cardiac findings obtained at different time frames within the MC group were compared. Moreover these data were compared with those obtained longitudinally in a cohort of uncomplicated DC twin pregnancies. From 2012 to 2016 19 women with an uncomplicated MC twin pregnancy were included in this study group. Among this group no significant changes were documented from 1st to 3rd trimester with the exception of an ejection fraction decrease. In respect of 48 DC uneventful twin gestations in the MC set the following significant differences were observed: reduced cardiac output (mid-trimester) and ejection fraction (1st and 2nd trimester), increased total vascular resistance (1st trimester). Regarding the diastolic function in the MC vs DC twins a significant increase of the following parameters was noted: mitral valve E/A (early diastolic – atrial contraction) ratio (3rd trimester); MSE1 (1st and 2nd trimester), MS E1/A1 (3rd trimester); ML E1 (2nd and 3rd trimester); ML E1/A1 (3rd trimester). The longitudinal trend of the following data showed a significant difference between the MC and the DC set: increase of ML E1 and MLE1/A1, decrease of ML A1. In uncomplicated MC twin pregnancies maternal cardiac changes seem to differ significantly from the DC set. In particular, in the former group the diastolic function impairment is less pronounced presumably due to the lower circulating volume.
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting sebaceous gland follicles. Lately, acne has considered an insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mediated disease. Recent research demonstrated that IGF-1 levels decrease after 3 months of isotretinoin. The purpose of our study is evaluating the influence of acne treatments on IGF-1 serum levels. Forty-six subjects with acne vulgaris aged 14 to 30 years were subdivided into three groups according to their severity of acne and treated following the European Dermatology Forum guidelines. IGF-1 was measured in patients before and after the treatment and then compared to the IGF-1 of a healthy population of the same age. IGF-1 resulted higher in patients than in controls but there was not a statistically significant variation after treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the influence of topical and systemic acne treatment on IGF-1 serum levels. In contrast with the literature, our results suggest that common therapies for acne are not able to significantly modify IGF-1 serum levels.