The aim of the study was to estimate the magnitude of genetic variation through the characterization of germplasm using agronomical and morphological traits.In the current investigation 38 genotypes of chilli (Capsicum annuum) were evaluated at an agronomical and morphological level for (10 quantitative and 14 qualitative traits).A set of parameters covering different growth stages selected from the Capsicum descriptors developed by Biodiversity International Former.Qualitative traits were studied on a visual basis.Quantitative characters such as plant height ranged from 40 cm (36588) to 63 cm (36616).Fruit length and width range from 2.21 cm (36591) to 13.2 cm (36636) and 0.60 cm (36569) to 2.90 cm (36560 and 36441).Fruit weight varied from 0.85 g (36591) to 8.30 g (36651).Results obtained for yield/plant ranged from 175.49g (36652) to 780.3 g (36616).Results demonstrated the existence of diversity between the studied genotypes and consequently, providing the opportunity of attaining genetic advances in hybridization program for particular traits under consideration.
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: To optimize the concentrations of growth regulators in the media for the proficient micropropagation of grapevine (<em>Vitis vinifera </em>L.) cv. King’s Ruby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Apical meristems of the grape cultivar were used to establish <em>in vitro</em> shoot cultures. Nodal explants, each containing an axillary bud, taken from <em>in vitro</em> grown shoots were inoculated in shoot proliferation medium, i.e., half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyl aminopurine (BAP), kinetin, glycine and gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>). A higher number of shoots (5.33) with greater shoot length (2.75 cm) was produced in the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup> BAP and 0.1 mg L<sup>-1</sup> GA<sub>3</sub>. Calluses were induced from leaf explants taken from <em>in vitro</em> grown shoots. Callus induction was greater (73.00%) on the medium containing 2.0 mg L<sup>-1</sup> 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.3 mg L<sup>-1</sup> BAP and 0.2 mg L<sup>-1</sup> α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The maximum frequency of shoot regeneration (53.33%) was achieved on the medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup> BAP and 0.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup> NAA, and the regenerated shoots successfully formed roots on growth regulator-free half strength MS medium.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Optimizing the concentration of BAP and GA<sub>3</sub> and omitting the glycine and kinetin in the culture medium increased the number and length of shoots. Similarly, for inducing the callus of the leaf explants, taken from <em>in vitro</em> grown shoots, it is recommended to adjust the medium with the higher concentration of 2,4-D and lower concentrations of BAP. Moreover, the maximum number of shoots was regenerated on a medium supplemented with relatively high levels of both BAP and NAA (1.5 and 0.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively). Finally, we suggest the half strength MS medium that is free from growth regulators for the root formation of the regenerated shoots.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Optimizing the concentration of growth regulators is crucial for the efficient micropropagation of a grape cultivar. Knowing the specific balance between the growth regulators is necessary to establish <em>in vitro</em> shoot cultures, callus induction and shoot regeneration and, hence, to propagate disease-free true to type grape cultivars in a short time.</p>
Mosquitoes the deadliest animals on the earth, transmit lethal diseases in humans as well as animals.Spatial distribution of mosquitoes provides clues for their precise and accurate control.In this study, which was conducted in 2014-16, different habitats including, graveyards, scrapyards, forest areas, streams, crops, residential areas, and animal sheds were specified in Jhelum district.Surveys for the collection of mosquitoes were made and a total of 365 specimens were collected.These specimens were identified as Culex (9), Anopheles (6), Lutzia (2), Aedes (2), and Armigeres (2) and deposited in the Biosystematics Laboratory of Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi.Quantitative habitat webs and diversity indices show that scrapyard, animal sheds, and residential areas were the most abundant habitats respectively, while areas near stream were found to be the least abundant habitats.These microhabitats, which are the most abundant ones act as hotspots in case of mosquito-borne epidemic, which should be targeted to control epidemic.
The study was conducted with the objective to estimate the nutritional composition from 35 diverse genotypes of (Capsicum annuum L.) which were previously uninvestigated, for selection of highly nutritive genotypes as a parent for further hybridization program.The genotypes were divided into three groups.Group I (thin type), group II (intermediate) and group III (cherry chillies).Mineral contents calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc and copper were analysed using atomic absorption whereas potassium and sodium were estimated through flame photometer.Phosphorus was determined using a spectrophotometer.Moisture, protein, fat, ash and crude fiber contents were estimated by the AOAC method, while carbohydrate content was estimated by the difference method.In relation to macro minerals highest magnesium (287.52 mg/100), calcium (114.0 mg/100g) and potassium (286.30mg/100g) was observed in group II, whereas phosphorus was highest in group III (29.20 mg/100g).In the case of micro minerals highest iron (109.0 mg/100g) and copper (0.21 mg/100g) content were depicted in a group III, sodium (15.90 mg/100g) in group II, while manganese (0.50 mg/100g) and zinc (0.20 mg/100g) were highest in group I.As far as concern proximate composition, fats (2.15 %), ash (8.93 %) and protein (9.09 %) was maximum in group III.Moisture (11.86) and carbohydrates (52.28 %) was highest in group II.Based on these results chilli peppers contain a high amount of magnesium, potassium, calcium and iron content, these chilli peppers could be preferably selected for the breeding purpose for the further crop improvement program.
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