Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain matter, very often associated with viral infections, but it can also be caused by non-viral pathogens such as leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a systemic disease caused by bacteria of the Leptospira genus. Leptospiral infection has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from subclinical or mild illness to a fulminant life-threatening illness. In this case report we describe a young patient from Southern Albania with isolated encephalitis caused by Leptospira, where acute encephalitis was the initial presentation of the disease.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is known to have a wide spectrum of effects on the respiratory, cardiac, neurological, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, ocular and urological systems, but there is very little information on its effects on the human ovary. Our aims are to describe a unique case that developed amenorrhea during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and to push researchers to do more researches to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the ovaries. A 27-year-old female patient presented with amenorrhea. She had fever on the second day of the menstrual cycle, and her cycle had been interrupted on the same day. The patient had a sub-febrile temperature, myalgia, fatigue, sweating, loss of appetite, and mild sleep disorder. Based on clinical, laboratory, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data of a nasopharyngeal swab sample, she had a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Till now there are limited publications on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the ovaries. In particular, the potential adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on fertility are unclear. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients need to be followed up for a long time, and clinicians need to pay attention to menstrual disturbances, especially in young female patients. More evidence, through both epidemiologic and clinical studies, as well as long-term follow-up studies, is needed to understand the impact of this infection on the human ovary, especially in reproductive-aged women.
Hantaviruses are enveloped tri-segmented negative-stranded RNA viruses.Infection from these viruses is growing in last decades.They are causative agent for two types of diseases: a) Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), mostly observed in Eurasia and b) Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HPS), mostly observed in American continent.There are several Hantaviruses known to infect humans, and their main hosts are rodents.HFRS is caused from Hantaan, Dobrava, Saaremaa, Seoul and Puumala virus.The main factor, which determines the severity of Hantavirus infection, is the degree of increased permeability of infected endothelium, and the most common clinical findings in those patients are fever, headache, abdominal pains, backache, myalgia and nausea or/and vomiting.There are already numerous publications with regards to the involvement of two major systems such as renal and pulmonary in patients with HFRS.In this paper we would try to make a short review about the involvement of other organs and systems of our body in those patients.Extrarenal manifestations of Hantavirus infection include: acute ocular impairment with visual function, acute myopia, central nervous system (CNS) complications, cardiovascular impairment with myocarditis, gastrointestinal hemorrhages, but liver and pancreas may be also affected.
