Virtual reality (VR) systems are increasingly using physiology to improve human training. However, these systems do not account for the complex intra-individual variability in physiology and human performance across multiple timescales and psychophysiological demands. To fill this gap, we propose a theory of multilevel variability where tractable neurobiological mechanisms generate complex variability in performance over time and in response to heterogeneous sources. Based on this theory, we also present a study that examines changes in cardiovascular activity and performance during a stressful shooting task in VR. We examined physiology and performance at three important levels of analysis: task-to-task, block-to-block, session-to-session. Findings indicated joint patterns of physiology and performance that notably varied by the level of analysis. At the task level, higher task difficulty worsened performance but did not change cardiovascular activation. At the block level, there were nonlinear changes in performance and heart rate variability. At the session level, performance improved while blood pressure decreased and heart rate variability increased across days. Of all the physiological metrics, only heart rate variability was correlated with marksmanship performance. Findings are consistent with our multilevel theory and highlight the need for VR and other affective computing systems to assess physiology across multiple timescales.
Objective.Most arrhythmias due to cardiovascular diseases alter the heart's electrical activity, resulting in morphological alterations in electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. ECG acquisition is a low-cost, non-invasive process and is commonly used for continuous monitoring as a diagnostic tool for cardiac abnormality identification. Our objective is to diagnose twenty-nine cardiac abnormalities and sinus rhythm using varied lead ECG signals.Approach.This work proposes a deep residual inception network with channel attention mechanism (RINCA) for twenty-nine cardiac arrhythmia classification along with normal ECG from multi-label ECG signal with different lead combinations. TheRINCAarchitecture employing the inception-based convolutional neural network backbone uses residual skip connections with the channel attention mechanism. The inception model facilitates efficient computation and prevents overfitting while exploring deeper networks through dimensionality reduction and stacked 1-dimensional convolutions. The residual skip connections alleviate the vanishing gradient problem. The attention modules selectively leverage the temporally significant segments in a sequence and predominant channels for multi-lead ECG signals, contributing to the decision-making.Main results.Exhaustive experimental evaluation on the large-scale 'PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge (2021)' dataset demonstratesRINCA's efficacy. On the hidden test data set,RINCAachieves the challenge metric score of 0.55, 0.51, 0.53, 0.51, and 0.53 (ranked 2nd, 5th, 4th, 5th and 4th) for the twelve-lead, six-lead, four-lead, three-lead, and two-lead combination cases, respectively.Significance.The proposedRINCAmodel is more robust against varied sampling frequency, recording time, and data with heterogeneous demographics than the existing art. The explainability analysis showsRINCA's potential in clinical interpretations.
Automated cardiac abnormality detection from an everexpanding number of electrocardiogram (ECG) records has been widely used to assist physicians in the clinical diagnosis of a variety of cardiovascular diseases.Over the last few years, deep learning (DL) architectures have achieved state-of-the-art performances in various biomedical applications.In this work, we propose a bio-toolkit based on the DL framework comprising stacked convolutional and long short term memory neural network blocks for multi-label ECG signal classification.Our team participated under the name "Cardio-Challengers" in the "Phy-sioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2020" and obtained a challenge metric score of 0.337 in the validation data set and 0.258 in the full test data, placing us 16 th out of 41 teams in the official ranking.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are widely used to diagnose heart health. Experts can detect multiple cardiac abnormalities using the ECG signal. In a clinical setting, 12-lead ECG is mainly used. But using fewer leads can make the ECG more pervasive as it can be integrated with wearable devices. At the same time, we need to build systems that can diagnose cardiac abnormalities automatically. This work develops a channel self-attention-based deep neural network to diagnose cardiac abnormality using a different number of ECG lead combinations. Our approach takes care of the temporal and spatial interdependence of multi-lead ECG signals. Our team participates under the name “cardiochallenger” in the “PhysioNetl-Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2021”. Our method achieves the challenge metric score of 0.55, 0.51, 0.53, 0.51, and 0.53 (ranked 2nd, 5th, 4th, 5th and 4th) for the 12-lead, 6-lead, 4-lead, 3-lead, and 2-lead cases, respectively, on the test data set.
From the beginning of the artificial intelligence there was a desire of having a fully automated intelligent car.Numbers of experiments have been done and some of them were very much fruitful.As a result now we have intelligent smart cars.These cars are intelligent and can take some of the decision of their own.But they actually assist the driver for a limited amount of time.None of them are fully automated.We think a fully automated transportation can only be possible by having a combination of intelligent car and traffic system as well the environment like road on which the car actually moves.In this paper we have tried to discuss a new idea for an autonomous transportation system-a complete solution.
<p>"This work has been submitted to the IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing for possible publication. Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no longer be accessible."</p><p><br></p><p>Physiological sensing has long been an indispensable fixture for virtual reality (VR) gaming studies. Moreover, VR induced stressors are increasingly being used to assess the impact of stress on an individual’s health and well-being. This study discusses the results of experimental research comprising multimodal physiological signal acquisition from 31 participants during a Go/No-Go VR-based shooting exercise where participants had to shoot the enemy and spare the friendly targets. The study encompasses multiple sessions, including orientation, thresholding, and shooting. The shooting sessions consist of tasks under low & high difficulty induced stress conditions with in-between baseline segments. Machine learning (ML) performance with heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) features outperform the prevalent methods for four different VR gaming difficulty-induced stress (GDIS) classification problems (CPs). Further, the significance of the HRV predictors and different brain region activations from EEG is deciphered using statistical hypothesis testing (SHT). The ablation study shows the efficacy of multimodal physiological sensing for different gaming difficulty-induced stress classification problems (GDISCPs) in a VR shooting task.</p>
Physiological sensing of virtual reality (VR)-induced stressors are increasingly utilized to improve human training and assess the impact of gaming difficulty-induced stress on a person's health and well-being. However, the prior art sparsely explores the multi-level cardiovascular dynamics for psychophysiological demands in a VR environment. This treatise discusses the experimental findings and physiological interpretations of various heart rate variability (HRV) metrics extracted from 31 participants during a Go/No-Go VR-based shooting task across multiple timeframes. The VR-shooting exercise consists of firing at the enemy targets while sparing the friendly ones for different shooting difficulty levels: low-difficulty and high-difficulty with in-between baselines. Ex-perimental results demonstrate consistent shooting difficulty-induced stress patterns at multi-granular levels in response to the heterogeneous inputs (exogenous and endogenous factors). The physiological interpretations highlight the intricate inter-play between cardio-physiological components: sympathetic and parasympathetic response across multiple timescales (sessions and blocks) and shooting difficulty levels.
This paper explores power spectrum-based features extracted from the 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to analyze brain activity alterations during a virtual reality (VR)-based stressful shooting task, with low and high difficulty levels, from an initial resting baseline. This paper also investigates the variations in EEG across several experimental sessions performed over multiple days. Results indicate that patterns of changes in different power bands of the EEG are consistent with high mental stress levels during the shooting task compared to baseline. Although there is one inconsistency, overall, the brain patterns indicate higher stress levels during high difficulty tasks than low difficulty tasks and in the first session compared to the last session.
'%3e%3ccircle r='20' fill='%23008'/%3e%3ccircle r='17.5' fill='%23fff'/%3e%3ccircle r='3.5' fill='%23008'/%3e%3cg id='d'%3e%3cg id='c'%3e%3cg id='b'%3e%3cg id='a' fill='%23008'%3e%3ccircle r='.875' transform='rotate(7.5 -8.75 133.5)'/%3e%3cpath d='M0 17.5.6 7 0 2l-.6 5L0 17.5z'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(15)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23b' transform='rotate(30)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23c' transform='rotate(60)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' transform='rotate(120)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23d' transform='rotate(-120)'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)
