Abstract Background： The influence of environmental factors like smoking and alcohol on myopia and astigmatism is controversial. However, due to ethical concerns, alternative study designs are urgently needed to assess causal inference, as mandatory exposure to cigarettes and alcohol is unethical. Methods： Following comprehensive screenings, 326 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to myopia and astigmatism were included in the dataset. To validate the causal association between exposures such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee intake, and outcomes namely astigmatism and myopia, five regression models were employed. These models encompassed MR-Egger regression, random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median estimator (WME), weighted model, and simple model. The instrumental variables utilized in these analyses were the aforementioned SNPs. Apply Cochran's Q test to determine heterogeneity of SNPs; if heterogeneity exists, focus on IVW model results. Results： The IVW model showed a 1.379-fold increase in the risk of astigmatism (OR= 1.379, 95%CI: 0.822~2.313, P=0.224) and a 0.963-fold increase in the risk of myopia (OR= 0.963, 95%CI:0.666~1.393, P=0.841) for each unit increase in smoking. For each unit increase in coffee intake, the risk of astigmatism increased 1.610-fold (OR= 1.610, 95%CI:0.444~5.835, P=0.469) and the risk of myopia increased 0.788-fold (OR= 0.788, 95%CI:0.340~1.824, P=0.578). For each additional unit of alcohol consumption, the risk of astigmatism increased by 0.763-fold (OR= 0.763, 95%CI:0.380~1.530, P=0.446), and none of the differences were statistically significant. However, for each unit of alcohol consumption, the risk of myopia increased by 1.597 times, and the difference was statistically significant (OR= 1.597, 95%CI:1.023~2.493, P=0.039). Conclusions: The findings indicate that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for myopia, but smoking and coffee intake do not affect its development. Additionally,there is no association between smoking, alcohol consumption, coffee intake, and the risk of astigmatism.
In this work, the parasitic capacitance of the V-GAA transistor structure was successfully extracted, which suffer from the different pillar size in SADP process. Such as pillar height and width. Based on the range of λ from 0.85 to 1.15, the variation of gate around capacitance with the pillar height and width is less than 1.6% and more than 15%, respectively. In addition, the pillar width is the main factor affecting the coupling capacitance of V-GAA array structure. This provides fundamental research for further device study of V-GAA in the far technology node.
Since IGZO was invented by Kimizuka from 1985, 2D and 3D front and back gate IGZO transistors had been used. As integrated circuit becomes more complex, the device and SPICE models play the key role between manufacturing and circuit designer, one of the most advanced surface-potential based compact model of IGZO is introduced and verified from process variation and ring oscillator circuit performance in this paper for the engineering application in the future.
Two new ingol-type diterpenes, euphoresins A-B (1-2), have been isolated from the methanol extract of Euphorbium, the latex of Euphorbia resinifera Berg. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive analyses of their HR-ESI-MS, IR, UV, 1D, and 2D NMR spectra. The absolute configurations were confirmed by Mosher's method and circular dichroism (CD) analyses. The two compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activities against MCF-7, U937, and C6 cancer cell lines, but they both exhibited little cytotoxic effect.
Three new sesquiterpenes of canusesnol K (1), canusesnol L (2) and 12, 15-dihydroxycurcumene (3), along with five known ones (4–8), were isolated from the heartwood extract of Pterocarpus santalinus. Their structures were established by extensive analyses of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY, and HRESI-MS. The absolute configurations of the new compounds were established with Modified Mosher's method. The cytotoxic activities of all these compounds against HepG2 (human liver cancer), MCF-7 (human breast cancer), MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer), and Hela (human cervical carcinoma) cancer cell lines were evaluated. Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity toward MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
The 4F $^{{\text{2}}}$ cell architecture dynamic random access memory (DRAM) has emerged as a candidate for high-density future DRAM, meeting performance, power, area, and cost (PPAC) targets. This study proposes an improved parasitic capacitance-predictively aware design technology co-optimization (DTCO) flow that optimizes the bitline (BL) capacitance from structure and process perspectives, emphasizing manufacturability and scalability. A novel BL process flow is developed to optimize BL capacitance with scalability, utilizing a high-accuracy 3-D field solver for parasitic capacitance extraction of the vertical channel transistor (VCT) array. When air gap is used as the novel BL spacer, the BL capacitance decreases by 49.5%. In addition, we investigate and optimize the PPAC of the DRAM one transistor and one capacitor (1T1C) cell. The novel BL of 4F $^{{\text{2}}}$ VCT-based 1T1C DRAM demonstrates a 66.6% reduction in BL dynamic power consumption during read/write operations, with 9.4% and 11.6% enhancement in read speed when reading data "1" and "0", respectively. Moreover, a 58.8% reduction in cell array area and lower costs is yielded compared with the current VCT.
With continuous scaling-down of the DRAM technology node, the junctionless vertical gate all around device (JL-VGAA) becomes the mainstream transistor for 4F 2 DRAM cell. Simulating the JL-VGAA device using 3D-TCAD before wafer fab-out is indispensable for saving R&D cost. Here, we simulate the JL-VGAA performance based on the preliminary results of Su's work [2]. Doping profile of JL-VGAA and diameter variation are the two key parameters affect its performance. Hence, we optimized the channel doping, after data normalization, the I on is simulated as 17.6, and the I off is 1.2×10 -12 . The ratio of I on and I off is approximately 1.4×10 13 . In addition, the variation of V th is around 10 mV nm -1 with low-level channel doping, which is excellent among other devices. Finally, the word line (WL) and bit line (BL) coupling capacitance were calculated. Overall, the total capacitance of JL-VGAA is less than the state of the art of emerging DRAM structure. Future research should further develop and confirm these initial findings by this paper.
Seven compounds have been isolated from the whole plant of Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) O. Ktze. Three of them are triterpenes (I-III), two are indole alkaloids (IV, V), two are quinazolinone alkaloids (VI, VII). On the basis of spectral analysis and physicochemical properties, their structures were established as lupeol (I), betulin (II), lupenone (III), indigo (IV), indirubin (V), 4(3H)-quinazolinone (VI), 2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione (VII). VI and VII were found from natural plant for the first time. The results of the pharmacological tests demonstrate that compound V has anticancer activity and compound VI has hypotensive action. Compound VII can be quantitatively determined by HPLC, which may serve as a quality control standard for materia medica and its preparations. Compounds VI and VII have been confirmed by means of synthesis.
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