Abstract Background Antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella decline an estimated average of 3% per year, and have a high degree of variation among individuals. Yet, this variation and differences in individual-level response to the 3 antigens are not well understood. To better understand potential implications on individual and population-level susceptibility, we reanalyzed existing longitudinal data to identify patterns of seropositivity and antibody persistence. Methods Wisconsin children given the second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR2) at age 4–6 years were followed up to 12 years postvaccination. The rate of antibody decline and factors associated with the rate of decline were assessed using regression models that accounted for differences between and among subjects. Results Most of the 302 participants were seropositive throughout follow-up (96% measles, 88% mumps, 79% rubella). The rate of antibody decline was associated with MMR2 response and baseline titer for measles and age at first dose of MMR (MMR1) for rubella. None of the demographic or clinical factors examined were associated with rate of decline for mumps. One month after MMR2, geometric mean titer (GMT) to measles was high (3892 mIU/mL), but declined on average 9.7% per year among subjects with the same baseline titer and <2-fold increase in antibody titer after MMR2. Subjects with ≥2-fold increase experienced a slower decline (≤7.4%). GMT to rubella was 149 IU/mL one month after MMR2 and declined 2.6% and 5.9% per year among those who received MMR1 at 12–15 months and >15 months, respectively. GMT to mumps one month after MMR2 was 151 and declined 9.2% per year. Only 14% of participants had the same trends in antibody persistence for all 3 antigens. Conclusion The rate of antibody decay varied substantially among individuals and among the 3 antigens. Despite waning titers, measles and rubella antibody levels remained high 12 years post MMR2. However, a fast rate of decline and high degree of variation was observed for mumps, yet no predictors of the decline were identified. Future research should focus on better understanding waning antibody titers to mumps and its impact on community protection and individual susceptibility, in light of recent mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Tenth revised edition of an illustrated, single volume reference book which contains definitions of words and terms used in biology, including the fields of genetics, botany, zoology, cell biology, human physiology and disease.
Measurement of measles virus-specific IgG is used to assess presumptive evidence of immunity among immunocompetent individuals with uncertain immune or vaccination status. False-negative test results may lead to unnecessary quarantine and exclusion from activities such as employment, education, and travel or result in unnecessary revaccination. In contrast, false-positive results may fail to identify susceptible individuals and promote spread of disease by those who are exposed and unprotected. To better understand the performance characteristics of tests to detect measles IgG, we compared five widely used, commercially available measles IgG test platforms using a set of 223 well-characterized serum samples.
Background. In 2006, the largest mumps outbreak in the United States in 20 years occurred. To understand prior mumps seroprevalence and factors associated with the presence of antibody to mumps virus, data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed.
ABSTRACT A mumps outbreak in upstate New York in 2009 at a summer camp for Orthodox Jewish boys spread into Orthodox Jewish communities in the Northeast, including New York City. The availability of epidemiologic information, including vaccination records and parotitis onset dates, allowed an enhanced analysis of laboratory methods for mumps testing. Serum and buccal swab samples were collected from 296 confirmed cases with onsets from September through December 2009. All samples were tested using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) capture IgM enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) that targets the short hydrophobic gene. A subset of the samples ( n = 205) was used to evaluate 3 commercial mumps IgM assays and to assess the sensitivity of using an alternative target gene (nucleoprotein) in the rRT-PCR protocol. Among 115 cases of mumps with 2 documented doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, the CDC capture IgM EIA detected IgM in 51% of serum samples compared to 9% to 24% using three commercial IgM assays. The rRT-PCR that targeted the nucleoprotein gene increased RNA detection by 14% compared to that obtained with the original protocol. The ability to detect IgM improved when serum was collected 3 days or more after symptom onset, whereas sensitivity of RNA detection by rRT-PCR declined when buccal swabs were collected later than 2 days after onset. Selection of testing methods and timing of sample collection are important factors in the ability to confirm infection among vaccinated persons. These results reinforce the need to use virus detection assays in addition to serologic tests.
Background. A measles outbreak in Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia in 2014 affected many persons who had received ≥1 dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A mass vaccination campaign targeted persons aged 6 months to 49 years, regardless of prior vaccination. Methods. We evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MCV by comparing secondary attack rates among vaccinated and unvaccinated contacts after household exposure to measles. Results. Among 318 contacts, VE for precampaign MCV was 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], -425 to 87.3) for 1 dose, 63.4% (95% CI, -103 to 90.6) for 2 doses, and 95.9% (95% CI, 45.0 to 100) for 3 doses. Vaccine effectiveness was 78.7% (95% CI, 10.1 to 97.7) for campaign doses received ≥5 days before rash onset in the primary case and 50.4% (95% CI, -52.1 to 87.9) for doses received 4 days before to 3 days after rash onset in the primary case. Vaccine effectiveness for most recent doses received before 2010 ranged from 51% to 57%, but it increased to 84% for second doses received in 2010 or later. Conclusions. Low VE was a major source of measles susceptibility in this outbreak; potential reasons include historical cold chain inadequacies or waning of immunity. Vaccine effectiveness of campaign doses supports rapid implementation of vaccination campaigns in outbreak settings.
Clinicians may not give complete consideration to the occupational and recreational impact that prescribed medications can have on patients. Because cardiovascular disease is a major health problem that affects a large segment of the adult population in the United States, a significant portion of the adult work force may be expected to be under treatment with cardiovascular medications. Many may experience decrements in job performance as a result of such therapy. This article discusses the incidence and impact of occupationally relevant side effects of several categories of cardiovascular drugs, including beta blookers, calcium channel blockers, antiarrhythmics, vasodilators, nitrates, lipid-lowering agents, and diuretics.
