Summary We have previously shown that a cocktail‐containing phosphodiesterase inhibitors (theophylline and caffeine), a phosphatase inhibitor (okadaic acid) and dibutyryl‐cAMP promoted specific protein tyrosine phosphorylation in ram spermatozoa during incubation in capacitating conditions. Here, we show, for the first time, that this cocktail induced a progressive time‐dependent increase in the capacitated‐sperm subpopulation . The addition of either the analogue of adenosine, 2‐chloro‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (Cl‐Ado) or caffeine provided a significant increase in the proportion of capacitated spermatozoa and total tyrosine phosphorylation. Computer‐assisted semen analysis was used to identify hyperactivated spermatozoa by setting maximum threshold for linearity (≤45%) and minimum for amplitude of lateral head displacement (≥3.5 μm). Our results showed that ram spermatozoa can be capacitated in vitro without displaying hyperactivated movement. Among the above‐mentioned compounds, only caffeine was able to induce hyperactivation that achieved the maximal response at 8 min of incubation, with a significant increase in hyperactivated spermatozoa of 44.4 ± 5.6% related to control samples. Flow cytometry analyses showed that caffeine induced a significant increase in the content of calcium in viable spermatozoa during the time‐course of incubation in capacitating conditions. BAPTA‐AM, a cell‐permeable calcium chelator, did not suppress the caffeine‐dependent hyperactivation. Quantitative analysis revealed that the addition of caffeine or Cl‐Ado accounted for an increase in intracellular cAMP level. However, this increase in cAMP does not seem to be responsible for the caffeine‐induced hyperactivation because the cAMP‐elevating agents (cocktail) did not promote hyperactivation either, although they greatly induced capacitation and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The inhibition of PKA with H89 reduced both capacitation and protein tyrosine phosphorylation although hyperactivation increased. These results suggest that calcium from internal stores would be enough to initiate the hyperactivated movement, and that protein tyrosine phosphorylation implicated in ram sperm hyperactivation would be regulated by calcium rather than by PKA‐dependent cAMP.
Contents The effect of melatonin implants administered during non‐breeding season in Rasa Aragonesa rams on sperm motility parameters and other reproductive traits was assessed. In a first experiment, two Rasa Aragonesa rams were implanted (with melatonin group M), remaining other two males as control group (C). Semen of each group was collected from 1 May to 23 June, twice or three times a week, and motility parameters were assessed using a computer‐assisted sperm analysis system. Melatonin increased the percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa, particularly during 46–75 days after melatonin implantation (p < 0.01). In experiment 2, M and C in vitro fertilization ability had been determined by zona‐pellucida binding assays, using spermatozoa from experiment 1, obtained 60–70 days after melatonin was implanted. A significantly higher number of spermatozoa attached per oocyte was observed in frozen‐thawed immature ovine oocytes incubated with sperm from M animals than in those incubated with sperm from the C group (p < 0.01). Finally, a field assay (experiment 3) was performed. In this case, five Rasa Aragonesa rams were implanted with melatonin and three remained as control group. Sperm doses from those animals were used for artificial insemination of 2608 Rasa Aragonesa ewes from 39 different farms at non‐breeding season. Fertility, litter size and fecundity were studied. Semen from melatonin implanted rams seemed to increase both fertility and fecundity in ewes inseminated with spermatozoa obtained 46–60 days after implantation (p < 0.1). Thus, melatonin treatment in rams during non‐breeding season modifies sperm motility parameters and seems to improve the fertilization parameters obtained.
Centrifugal countercurrent distribution (CCCD) in aqueous two-phase systems has been proven to be a useful method to study subtle surface properties of spermatozoa. The present work shows that a short-term inhibition of the energy metabolism of sperm cells effected by incubating bovine sperm cells with KCN or ouabain, did not account for changes in the cell surface properties, as assessed either by estimation of the cell viability or by CCCD analysis. However, the short-term inhibition of energy metabolism provoked a clear decrease of cell motility, suggesting that a drop of cellular ATP levels brings about a rapid decrease of motility followed by a very delayed effect on cell surface properties. The relevance of these results on the handling of sperm and on the understanding of the molecular events underlying asthenospermia is discussed.