We report enhanced light output of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays. The ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared on the top layer of GaN LEDs using catalyst-free metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Compared to conventional GaN LEDs, light output of GaN LEDs with the ZnO nanorod arrays increased up to 50% and 100% at applied currents of 20 and 50mA, respectively. The source of the enhanced light output is also discussed.
This study discusses and calibrates a pioneered model of estimating the payoffs for the farming-asset pension (FAP), which is to comprehensively integrate the components of farming assets into the recently implemented farmland pension (FP) in South Korea. The FP was introduced first in the world so that farmland may be liquidated by the lifetime mortgage of farmland. However, it differs from conventional lifetime or reverse mortgages because its annuity program is implemented by the government according to the actuarial model whose variables are adjustable from the viewpoint of the elderly welfare. By introducing a simple standard of comprehensive farming assets into the FP model, the FAP model augments this social security measure, the step-by-step improvement of which is also expected to formulate the future policy implications of regional economic revitalisation as well as the elderly welfare for other countries.
Abstract Although the concern for the socio-economic effect of climate change has recently increased, its effect on sectoral GDP growth has rarely been researched especially regarding the transcontinental, mid-range area that consists mostly of developing countries like the Indian Ocean countries. Since this area shares an overall similar climate condition represented by the highest temperature as well as economic condition where most of them have experienced lagged economic growth amidst the fastest population growth, such effect will become more critical as their economies consist more heavily of climate-vulnerable sectors. Thus, we analyzed it by two level, e.g., aggregate and sectoral GDP levels. Utilizing both empirical orthogonal and regression functions, we found that the anomalies of GDP significantly decrease when local temperature, which shows high positive correlations with the Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature (IOSST) index, increases anomalously. In addition, this trend has been getting stronger recently as local and sea surface temperatures have overall risen. Most importantly, the highest sensitivity to climate change was shown in the service sector, as hypothesized in light of previous studies on the low-skilled and non-tradable service areas with higher adaptation deficit to climate change. We call this tested hypothesis “ climate-vulnerable service expansion. ”
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