This work investigates numerically and experimentally the nonlinear vibration of a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)passive damping vibration device, where the main elements are pseudoelastic SMA wires. At first, a one-degree of freedom SMA oscillator, composed of a mass balanced by two pseudoelastic SMA wires, where the configuration was based on the SMA passive damping vibration device, was considered. A thermomechanical constitutive model, based on the thermodynamic framework proposed by Boyd and Lagoudas, was used to predict the constitutive behavior of the SMA wires. The mechanical model was supplemented by simple heat transfer analysis, so that temperature variations caused by martensitic phase transformation and the effect of different frequency responses could be investigated. Numerical simulations of transmissibility curves and temperature variations of SMA oscillator are correlated with experimental results obtained from vibration sine sweep tests.
This paper discusses the study of fossil wood collected along the banks of Acre, Furnaia, Juruá, Purus and Moa rivers, located in the outcrops of Solimões Formation (Upper Miocene), Acre Basin. The anatomical and morphological description of the cellular structures was accompanied by inferences about the preservation of the woods constituent elements, aiming to bring together taphonomic data and palaeoenvironmental regional parameters. The results indicate silica as the major component of the fossils, also occurring inclusions of iron oxides. The group of anatomical features includes vessels of medium (100 to 200 µm) to large (≥ 200 µm) diameter, with a predominance of solitary vessels, few vessels per square millimeter and simple perforation plates. The presence of these characters enabled to infer a tropical climate in Acre at the late Miocene. The presence of growth rings and vessels trending to semi-porosity suggests a variation in water availability, which indicates a seasonal climate with a dry season. The palynological record found in the literature indicates a palaeovegetation with the presence of freshwater lakes and tropical marshes. Permanent water bodies (wetlands, shallow lakes) were frequent during the deposition of the Solimões Formation, indicating that the Amazon south-western basin acted as a plane basin, similar to the system of the modern Pantanal, but fed by the Andes. The fossil woods have affinity with the recent botanical families Caesalpinioideae (Fabaceae), Lythraceae and Myrtace, which can be related to this palaeoenvironment.
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been used in different kind of application including those that explore their dynamical response. The key characteristics of SMAs are associated with adaptive dissipation related to their hysteretic behavior and changes in their material properties caused by martensitic phase transformations. This work discusses the dynamical response of one-degree of freedom (1-DOF) oscillator where the restitution force is provided by an SMA pseudoelastic element described by a smooth constitutive model built upon the Boyd- Lagoudas model. Numerical simulations show a very intricate dynamic response of the system, with even chaotic responses. Nonlinear tools are employed to determine the nature of the system motion and Lyapunov exponents are used to assure conclusions concerning chaotic behavior.
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are materials that have the ability to return to a former shape when subjected to an appropriate thermomechanical procedure. Pseudoelastic and shape memory effects are some of the behaviors presented by these alloys. The unique properties concerning these alloys have encouraged many investigators to look for applications of SMA in different fields of human knowledge. The purpose of this review article is to present a brief discussion of the thermomechanical behavior of SMA and to describe their most promising applications in the biomedical area. These include cardiovascular and orthopedic uses, and surgical instruments.
O estudo procurou analisar a mobilidade ocupacional no mercado de trabalho metropolitano brasileiro nas seguintes modalidades: ascendente dos sobre-educados, descendente dos subeducados e os movimentos ascendente e descendente dos adequados, considerando fatores do lado da oferta e da demanda por trabalho. Para esse objetivo, foram utilizados os dados da PME no periodo 2002-2008, a fim de modelar as transicoes realizadas pelos individuos ocupados ao longo desse intervalo. A estrategia de identificacao adotada para as estimacoes exigiu a construcao de um pseudo-painel ao nivel de coortes. Particularmente, verificou-se como as condicoes ciclicas no mercado de trabalho, captadas pela taxa de desemprego, se relacionaram aos movimentos ascendente e descendente realizados a partir de situacoes de compatibilidade ou nao entre escolaridade demandada e ofertada na ocupacao. Foram enfocados efeitos de ciclos economicos, de composicao da oferta, de periodo e de coorte para explicar o comportamento das mobilidades consideradas.Os resultados mostraram que os ciclos observados pelos individuos no mercado de trabalho sao relevantes para suas decisoes de mobilidade ocupacional, impactando tanto o movimento ascendente quanto o descendente. Desse modo, as teorias que tem enfocado apenas nos atributos individuais para explicar o comportamento do mismatch ao longo do tempo deixam de levar em conta equivocadamente o papel dos ciclos economicos em facilitar ou nao o processo de compatibilizacao ocupacional em termos de escolaridade. Com relacao aos efeitos de coorte, obteve-se que as possibilidades de adequacao estao associadas aos estagios iniciais das carreiras dos individuos no mercado de trabalho, para os sobre e subeducados. O comportamento pro-ciclico da mobilidade ascendente dos sobre-educados e uma evidencia explicita de que condicoes favoraveis no mercado de trabalho influenciam na compatibilidade dos trabalhadores nas ocupacoes. O fato de a taxa de desemprego afetar as decisoes de mobilidade impacta tambem a duracao da sobre-educacao no mercado de trabalho, de modo que essa situacao ocupacional pode ter caracteristicas de curto ou longo prazo dependendo do comportamento ciclico da economia.