Conclusion(s): long term use of contraceptives raises the risk for blood clots or incessantly bleeding as it causes changes in the PT, FIB, APTT and TT levels of Single women in Calabar.Contraceptive should only be used by recommendations of health care providers.Hospitals, family planning clinics and fertility clinics should educate the general population on when to use contraceptives to avoid misuse.Policies should be made that regulate who sells contraceptive devices to avoid nonprescription of it in our society.
Abstract Background: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Bilirubin is an antioxidant and has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between total bilirubin levels and the prevalence of MetS in rural Korean women.This cross-sectional study included 5,266 women (>40 years) enrolled in the Korean Genomic Rural Cohort (KGRC). MetS was defined using the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) guidelines. Total bilirubin levels were categorized into quartiles.Subjects in the upper quartiles of total bilirubin were younger and had lower waist circumferences, systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride levels and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. The overall prevalence of MetS was 39.0%. When the participants were categorized into quartiles by total bilirubin level, the prevalence of MetS according to increasing total bilirubin quartiles was 47.9%, 41.2%, 34.3%, and 32.7%, respectively. By comparison to the lowest quartile of total bilirubin (<0.61 mg/dL), the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for MetS in the highest quartile of total bilirubin (≥0.94 mg/dL) was 0.63 (0.52-0.77) after adjusting for menopausal status, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, insulin resistance, and other covariates.Total bilirubin level appears to be inversely associated with the prevalence of MetS in rural Korean women >40 years of age in the KGRC, even after adjusting for risk factors of MetS, including body mass index (BMI), menopausal status, CRP levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
Objectives We investigated the incidence rate of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Korean adult males. Methods Data were obtained from 2008 to 2016 in the National Health Insurance Service. The incidence was defined as a newly diagnosed patients with BPH in 2012â2016 after excluding patients with BPH in 2008â2011. The incidence rate was confirmed by age, administrative districts, and scale of city. Results The age-standardized incidence rate of BPH was 16.3% from 2012 to 2016. The incidence rate was presented to be 8.9%, 16.8%, 25.0%, 26.7%, and 30.4%, respectively, in the 40s to 80s or over. According to administrative districts, the highest incidence rate was 18.2% and 17.3% in Daejeon and Gwangju, respectively, and the lowest incidence rate was 15.0% in Gangwon. And the highest incidence of 16.5% was observed in the big city among big city, small-to-medium city and rural area. Conclusions The age-standardized incidence rate in Korea was 16.3% and incidence rate of BPH increased with age. Key words: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Incidence, Age-standardization
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as daily calorie intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Lifestyle factors, such as alcohol consumption, are considered to be related to the prevalence of MetS and plays an essential role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of depression. Methods We investigated the bidirectional association between lifestyle factors and MetS among Korean adults with depressive symptoms in third wave of a community-based cohort study. A total of 1,578 individuals, aged 39–72 years, who had MetS at baseline were recruited. Participants were divided into two groups according to depressive symptoms. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the risk of MetS. Results The percentage of heavy drinkers was lower in men with depressive symptoms compared to those who did not (7.0% vs. 7.1%), while the percentage of current smokers were higher in participants who had depressive symptoms (40.2% vs. 30.0%). After adjusting for age, education, monthly income, body mass index (BMI), sleep duration, and volume of drinking and smoking status, logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male heavy drinkers with depressive symptoms were 2.75 times more likely to have MetS than those without depressive symptom. Conversely, depressive women with a high BMI were 3.70 times more likely to have MetS than in those with lower BMI. Limitations The cross-sectional nature of the study, and the study population ethnicity and ages were limitations. Conclusions Lifestyle factors, such as alcohol consumption, may be associated with the risk of MetS in adults with depressive symptoms.
Firefighters are exposed to many dangerous working conditions. Many studies have identified the risk of disease for firefighters, but only a few studies have addressed the medical expenses of firefighters, which represents a concrete scale of disease. Our purpose in this study was to determine the medical expenditures of firefighters to assess the overall scale of disease in Korea. We focused on cancer, mental disorders, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and musculoskeletal disease, the prevalence of which was expected to be high in firefighters.This study utilized National Health Insurance Service data. We targeted firefighters, police officers, and government officials. We classified disease based on the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes. We compared prevalence by the age-standardized prevalence rate, considering standard distribution of the population. Medical expenditure of disease was defined as outpatient fees, hospitalization fees, and drug costs. Total medical expenditures were calculated by the sum of those 3 categories.The age-standardized prevalence of cancer, mental disorders, and cardiovascular disease in firefighters was slightly higher than or similar to that of government officials and police officers (no significant difference). However, medical expenditures for stomach cancer, mental disorders, and most cardio-cerebrovascular diseases were higher in firefighters than in others. In particular, firefighters spent 12 times more money for ischemic heart disease than did government officials. Of musculoskeletal diseases, lumbar disc disorder had the highest expenditures among firefighters.The age-standardized prevalence of most of diseases of firefighters was not as high as in the other groups, but the medical expenses of firefighters were much higher than those of government officials and police officers.
This article presents the process of workers' problems with work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), the introduction of risk assessments (RA) for their prevention, and the consequences of this process in Korea.In 1997, economic crisis caused a rapid increase of massive layoffs, worker dispatch system introduction, job insecurity, and use of irregular workers resulting in work intensification.Work intensification increased WMSDs, which created massive workers' compensation collective claims.Workers argued for the reduction of work intensity.The RAs introduced as a consequence of the workers' struggle is unique in the world.Whereas these RAs were expected to play a pivotal role in WMSDs prevention, they dis not due to workers' lack of engagement after the compensation struggle.In fact, changes in the compensation judgment system and criteria have resulted in lower compensation approval rates leading to lower workers' compensation claims.The Korean experience provides insight into WMSDs causes in a globalized world.In such a the globalized world, work intensification as the result of work flexibility could be an international trend.
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