The number of patients diagnosed with Cardiac Syndrome X continues to increase. This condition is marked by anginal pain despite the absence of abnormal findings on coronary angiography or coronary spasm. It is considered a form of ischemic heart disease, with its incidence being most common among women in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal stages. The aim of this article is to review therapeutic options for Cardiac Syndrome X. The most effective treatments commonly used include calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers, including newer generation options that promote vasodilation in the endothelium. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are also frequently used to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Other medications used were nitrates, statins, ranolazine, imipramine, nicorandil, aminophylline, cilostazol, sildenafil, fasudil. Emerging theories suggest altered pain perception, potentially involving heightened neural sensitivity, may significantly contribute to the symptoms in CSX. Additionally, studies indicate that vitamin D supplementation, often beneficial for cardiovascular health, may alleviate symptoms in CSX. Non-pharmacological methods also have proven efficacy, such as Enhanced External Counterpulsation, spinal cord stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Lifestyle changes and (CBT) also play a crucial role in the comprehensive management of Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX), targeting factors that pharmacological treatments alone may not address.
Introduction: Animal-assisted-therapy (AAT) is a form of psychotherapy where animals are used as a part of a therapeutic process. Most commonly chosen are dogs and horses, however, some research shows a positive impact in therapy with farm animals, cats, birds, rodents, and dolphins. AAT provides a comfortable environment which empowers patients to recall traumatic memories and facilitates communication with their therapist. Furthermore, contact with therapeutic animals lowers blood pressure, heart rate and cortisol level. There have also been noted significant increases in beta-endorphin, oxytocyn, β-phenylethylamine and dopamine levels. Purpose: The purpose of this article was to present the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of dog-assisted therapy in individuals of all ages experiencing depression or anxiety. Material and methods: A review of the available literature was conducted by searching the PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: adults, elderly, children, DAT, dog-assisted therapy, depression, anxiety. Included articles were published after the year 2000. Results: The studies reviewed consistently demonstrate the potential benefits of dog-assisted therapy (DAT) for alleviating anxiety, depression, and enhancing overall well-being in various populations. In dental and hospital settings, DAT significantly reduced anxiety and physiological distress with notable improvements in heart rate and depression scores. Conclusion: Dog-assisted therapy (DAT) effectively reduces anxiety and depression, demonstrating its potential as an engaging intervention for diverse populations. These findings support its broader integration into mental health programs.
The application of 3D printing in bone grafts is gaining in importance and is becoming more and more popular. The choice of the method has a direct impact on the preparation of the patient for surgery, the probability of rejection of the transplant, and many other complications. The aim of the article is to discuss methods of bone grafting and to compare these methods. This review of literature is based on a selective literature search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases from 2001 to 2022 using the search terms "bone graft", "bone transplant", and "3D printing". In addition, we also reviewed non-medical literature related to materials used for 3D printing. There are several methods of bone grafting, such as a demineralized bone matrix, cancellous allograft, nonvascular cortical allograft, osteoarticular allograft, osteochondral allograft, vascularized allograft, and an autogenic transplant using a bone substitute. Currently, autogenous grafting, which involves removing the patient's bone from an area of low aesthetic importance, is referred to as the gold standard. 3D printing enables using a variety of materials. 3D technology is being applied to bone tissue engineering much more often. It allows for the treatment of bone defects thanks to the creation of a porous scaffold with adequate mechanical strength and favorable macro- and microstructures. Bone tissue engineering is an innovative approach that can be used to repair multiple bone defects in the process of transplantation. In this process, biomaterials are a very important factor in supporting regenerative cells and the regeneration of tissue. We have years of research ahead of us; however, it is certain that 3D printing is the future of transplant medicine.
Introduction Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a chronic disorder of the autonomic nervous system. It is characterized by orthostatic tachycardia and orthostatic intolerance upon standing, without low blood pressure. It affects multiple body systems, leading to a wide range of symptoms that contribute to debilitation and reduced functionality. The disorder has significant functional and economic consequences, although its underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. Many POTS patients receive inadequate care due to limited understanding of the etiology of POTS, a lack of evidence-based treatment options, and minimal training among physicians in recognizing and managing POTS. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of POTS, including its etiology, associated comorbidities, diagnostic challenges, and approaches to diagnosis, as well as potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options.Material and Method The literature search methodology involved using the keyword "POTS" in combination with terms such as "etiology," "treatment," "diagnosis," "symptoms," "long COVID-19," and "exercise." Searches were conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing primarily on review articles and clinical trials.Conclusions Raising awareness of POTS among physicians is essential for delivering optimal healthcare to patients. Despite the prevalence of POTS and its significant impact on patients' lives, research funding remains disproportionately low. Strengthening research infrastructure is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of POTS and to standardize evaluation tools, outcome measures, and patient care.
Background Menstrual migraine describes migraines that occur in alignment with the menstrual cycle, affecting women of diverse age ranges. This condition is relatively common, presenting a unique challenge due to the heightened intensity of pain during these attacks. Additionally, these migraines are often more resistant to standard treatment methods, underscoring the need for specialized approaches to management and relief. Methods Review of double-blind, placebo-controlled cohort studies found using PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane. Results Triptans are considered a primary treatment option for managing acute menstrual migraine episodes, with their effectiveness being the most extensively researched among available therapies. Recently, lasmiditan has emerged as a newer medication showing promising potential for this specific application as well, adding to the options available for menstrual migraine relief.Furthermore, triptans have been validated as effective in the short-term prevention of migraine. The most recent pharmacological advancements that have demonstrated efficacy for this condition are monoclonal antibodies which target the CGRP receptor: Erenumab and Galcanezumab. Conclusion There are effective approaches to both treating and preventing acute migraine attacks. However, menstrual migraine is a condition that requires greater awareness and recognition, as this would allow for the improved and more effective use of existing medications and treatments.
Introduction Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers. It occurs in men more often than women. The primary therapy for these cancers is surgery; chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy are also used. More and better treatments are being sought for this disease. The use of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has shown good results, so in this article we have done a review of the results of various studies on this topic. In this review, the results of studies on the use of various PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer of different hormonal status are presented. Purpose This article aims to give you an overview of the trials that have looked at the effects of different PARP inhibitors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. PARP inhibitors are a relatively new cancer therapy with good results, so it is important to pay attention. State of Knowledge In this article, I used the PubMed database and considered papers from the last 10 years, but most of the information in this review comes from papers published after 2020. I have also taken into account the recommendations of the FDA and the European Medicines Agency on the use of PARP inhibitors. Conclusions PARP inhibitors have shown significant effects on pancreatic cancer outcomes. The differences in outcomes depending on the type of cancer, the PARP inhibitor used, and the previous therapies used in a given patient tell us how important it is to individualize therapy in oncology. The findings of the studies presented in this review also point to the need for further research that could focus on identifying patients who may best benefit from treatment with PARP inhibitors, as well as studying synergistic effects in combination with other forms of therapy, such as immunotherapy or chemotherapy. The changes in treatment outcomes that these drugs can bring underscore the importance of exploring new therapeutic strategies in oncology.
IntroductionObesity affects over 650 million adults worldwide and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Among those affected are patients treated with antipsychotics, such as clozapine and olanzapine, which often lead to significant weight gain, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Recent advances with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), including semaglutide and liraglutide, show promise in addressing antipsychotic-induced obesity by reducing weight and improving metabolic health. PurposeThe aim of this review is to present an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced obesity. Materials and methodsThis review is based on both original research studies and review articles identified through a comprehensive search of the PubMed database, using the following search terms: obesity, antipsychotic-induced weight gain, clozapine, olanzapine, adverse effect, GLP-1 receptors agonist. Description of the state of knowledgeGLP-1 RAs significantly reduce body weight and adipose tissue by suppressing appetite, particularly for high-fat foods. Clinical trials show improvements in lipid profiles, blood pressure, and inflammation, contributing to better metabolic health. However, their long-term effects, especially with different antipsychotics, remain insufficiently studied. ConclusionsGLP-1 RAs show significant potential for managing antipsychotic-induced obesity, but further research is needed to assess long-term efficacy and safety in this population.
IntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant global health concern, ranking as the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with over 1.9 million new cases and nearly 935,000 deaths annually. The rise in CRC incidence is attributed to various lifestyle changes, including dietary shifts, sedentary behavior, and increased obesity rates. These factors underscore the urgent need for new preventive strategies targeting the underlying mechanisms of CRC development. PurposeThis review evaluates the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and CRC, aiming to enhance our understanding of how microbial diversity and composition contribute to CRC pathogenesis. State of Knowledge Studies reveal a correlation between the onset and progression of CRC and changes in microbial diversity and specific taxa. In CRC patients, the presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum is linked to inflammation and poor prognosis, while Bacteroides fragilis is associated with promoting colitis and carcinogenesis. The Human Microbiome Project's findings reveal that unique microbial communities can impact inflammation and tumor growth. Meta-analyses underline the crucial role of microbial diversity, influenced by diet and health status, in cancer prevention and progression, particularly in CRC. ConclusionsUnderstanding the interactions between the microbiome, diet, and host health is crucial for developing targeted treatment strategies and precision diagnostics for CRC. Insights from microbiome research could significantly improve patient outcomes in CRC management. Further high-quality studies are essential to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of the microbiome in CRC treatment.
Introduction Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a synthetic plasmin inhibitor primarily used in treating bleeding disorders. However, its use in dermatology has gained increasing attention. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity, tranexamic acid has emerged as a promising agent for treating pigmentary disorders and inflammatory skin conditions. Purpose This review aims to identify and summarize the current applications of tranexamic acid in dermatology, including its mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and safety in treating common conditions such as melasma, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, psoriasis, angioedema, and in scar and discoloration therapies. State of Knowledge An analysis of the existing literature highlights the growing interest in TXA’s dermatological applications. Clinical studies suggest that tranexamic acid effectively reduces hyperpigmentation and mitigates inflammation in rosacea cases. However, several studies exhibit limitations related to sample size and methodology, underscoring the need for further, more detailed research. Conclusions Tranexamic acid shows promising therapeutic potential in dermatology, particularly for pigmentary and inflammatory disorders. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of TXA and its therapeutic potential, which could lead to the development of novel treatment strategies in dermatology.
