The effect of plant oil treatments extracted from Khaya ivorensis and Azadirachta indica was evaluated on adult maize weevils Sitophilus zeamais reared on maize grain.Four replicates of each treatment oils were constituted at 0% (control untreated), 1 ml, 2 ml, and 3 ml doses.Each of the pytochemical oil and the synthetic chemical (Daksh-Dichlorvos 100% EC w/v) was introduced into experimental jars (300 cm 3 ) at graded levels, before 20 g of clean maize grain was incorporated.The treatment oils were separated from the grains with perforated white paper, before 10 newly emerged adult S. zeamais was added to the experimental jars including the control (untreated) experiment, which contain 20 g of maize grain but no treatment was added.The plant oils were evaluated for their toxic effect on S. zeamais, oviposition, F1 progeny emergence, grain damage and weight loss.Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA.The means were separated using LSD at P>0.05.The results revealed that treatment oils were toxic to the maize weevils when compared with the control (untreated) experiment.Among the plants, essential oil of K. ivorensis significantly (P>0.05)suppressed egg laying, F1 progeny emergence and grain damage.Therefore, the essential oil of K. ivorensis and A. indica is useful in the control of S. zeamais.
Normally digestible starch is a starch that digest in the small intestine. Partial starch is digested in the small intestine but not completely, in it some amount of starch used to escape digestion while resistant starch normally withstand digestion in the small intestine of healthy human beings. The study is aimed at determining the in vitro digestibility kinetics of resistance starch derived from underutilized legumes and millet). This is done by determining the proximate composition of underutilized legumes (Bambara groundnut and African yam Beans) and millet. S and analyzing the digestibility kinetics of both modified and unmodified resistant starch using alpha amylase. The result of proximate composition of cereal and legumes for modified and unmodified samples are thus; Moisture content is 6.33± 0.41 and 8.50± 0.35, Crude fiber is 2.83± 0.53 and 3.50± 0.35, the Fat content is 1.33± 0.41 and 1.67± 0.41, the Ash content is 1.17± 0.18 and 2.50± 0.35, the Protein content is 8.75± 0.03 and 13.12± 0.25 while the Carbohydrate content is 63.52± 0.56 and 57.83± 0.52. Moreso, the Proximate Composition of modified and unmodified bambara groundnut are as follows: the Moisture content has it as 15% ± 0.5 and 6.8% ± 1.0, the fats content is 1% ± 0.0 and 6.5% ± 0.0, the Fibre content is 4% ± 1.0 and 5.5% ± 0.5, the protein content is 17.50% ± 0.1 and 22.76% ± 0.0, 22.76% ± 0.0 the Carbohydrate content is 60.5% and 64.94%. The digestibility of both modified and unmodified millet is. From the result the modified and unmodified sample for Reducing sugar (mg/g) is 0.55± 0.09 and 2.7 ± 0.06, the Amylose (%) is 35.10 ± 1.81 and 28.41 ± 0.20, the Amylosepectin (%) is 64.9 ± 1.81 and 48.41 ± 0.80, the Starch damage (%) is 73.04 ± 0.02 and 1.8 ± 0.05. while the Starch undamaged (%) is 56.25 ± 0.08 and 62.40 ± 0.20. The study showed that millet is a good source of starch that will help to reduce poverty level and enhanced food security. It equally adds to knowledge by revealing the digestibility kinetics of modified millet starch to the unmodified starch and enlighten the benefits of millet starch and its uses in relation to enhance nutritional security. Keywords: in vitro digestibility, Bambara groundnut and African yam Beans) and millet proximate analysis.
