For each positive integer k, a set of k-principal points of a distribution is the set of k points that optimally represent the distribution in terms of mean squared distance. However, explicit form of k-principal points is often difficult to obtain. Hence a theorem established by Tarpey et al. (1995 Tarpey , T. , Li , L. , Flury , B. D. ( 1995 ). Principal points and self-consistent points of elliptical distributions . Ann. Statist. 23 : 102 – 112 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) has been influential in the literature, which states that when the distribution is elliptically symmetric, any set of k-principal points is in the linear subspace spanned by some principal eigenvectors of the covariance matrix. This theorem is called a “principal subspace theorem”. Recently, Yamamoto and Shinozaki (2000b Yamamoto , W. , Shinozaki , N. ( 2000b ). Two principal points for multivariate location mixtures of spherically symmetric distributions . J. Japan Statist. Soc. 30 : 53 – 63 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) derived a principal subspace theorem for 2-principal points of a location mixture of spherically symmetric distributions. In their article, the ratio of mixture was set to be equal. This article derives a further result by considering a location mixture with unequal mixture ratio.
In order to investigate certain characteristics of activity of motor units during strength control, discharges of single human motor units in the m. biceps brachii by use of electrodes inserted in the respective muscle were simultaneously recorded with tension developed at the elbow joint in its flexion effort. The results obtained were as follows :1) When analyzed from the relationship between mean discharge interval of motor unit and its standard deviation, unit of other type which may be classified as “intermediate” (named “M”) unit than kinetic (K) and tonic (T) units as classified by previous workers was also found to be similar to that of leg muscles.2) The tension produced by elbow flexion effort at the recruitment in a certain single motor units recorded in 15 seconds interval was also nearly constant during the 20 minute long experimental period which coincided with the result obtained in the case of leg muscles.3) On the relationship between mean relative threshold of motor unit and its standard deviation, while the T unit was found to be of low threshold value, the K and M units, recording higher values than the case of T unit in most occasions, showed wider range in its values. After analyzing the relationship between the values of T and K/M units by use of a diagram, standard deviation of relative threshold was found to be larger in relation to its given mean value in the dominant arm than the recessive. No significant differences were found in the size of error in attempting to continue certain muscular tension with control between the dominant and recessive arms.4) Statistically significant differences at 5% level confidence were found between different individual subjects in the frequency of single spike, appeared and recorded, ranging between 25.0-97.5 percent. The subject who showed higher single spike appearance frequency than the other was found to react significantly quickly in his single reaction time responding to photic stimulus (1% level) . Higher frequency of single unit spike appearance was observed in T unit than in K unit.
The aged above 40 to 76 years old ran 25 kirometers. We measured the systolic and diastolic blood pressure all of them before start and immediately after goal. The urine had been tested too. The results were as follows.1) The systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured at the point of immediately after goal were lower than that of before running in all aged groups markedly.Beside decreasing tendency of blood pressure, especially of systolic phase, due to running was higher in older people than younger.2) The excretion of albumin in urine was increased by the running in all age groups, but the degree of it was larger in younger group than older people.3) The number of people whose urine pH moved to acidity caused by running was much in the youngest group, and no one had been found in the oldest group.
This study considers endogenous determination of domestic standards on products that cause negative consumption externalities in the presence of a preferential trade agreement (PTA) in a three-country world. In particular, we examine how a PTA affects the optimal levels of external tariffs and standards, which are chosen by each country, and national welfare. In light of recent importance of standards or regulations that may act as nontariff barriers in PTAs, several questions will arise. Do standards become more or less stringent under a PTA than in the absence of it? After a formation of the PTA, do member or nonmember countries become better off? Do potential PTA members have an incentive to harmonize their standards? Among the several forms of PTAs, we focus on free trade areas (FTAs), where each member country chooses its external tariffs independently. We build a three-country oligopolistic trade model by incorporating the endogenous determination of standards by national governments. In this paper, we consider standards for controlling negative externalities generated by consumption of goods: setting a stringent standard eliminate negative consumption externality, and cost rise with the standard. In order to enter the importer country's market, foreign exporters must produce goods that meet the import's standard, and thus the standard can be a nontariff barrier. Governments are assumed to be benevolent, without any political incentives to set their respective standards. In this paper, we obtain the following results: (i) Compared with the policy game in the absence of FTAs, an FTA makes the member countries to choose more stringent standards. (ii) Regarding the national welfare in each country, the FTA member countries may or may be better off under the formation of an FTA, while the nonmember country becomes better off for the case of low degree of transboundary externalities. and (iii) By comparing the case in which FTA members independently determine their respective national standards with the case in which the FTA member countries harmonize their standards within the FTA, such harmonization of standards will lead the member countries to choose less stringent standards, and make the formation of the FTA more favorable, provided the degree of transboundary externalities is not so high.
The Phycomycoses are a different group of mycoses caused by fungi belonging to the Class, Phycomycetes. Recently the name has been criticized because Class Phycomycetes is no longer recognized in the formal taxonomic system. On the basis of this premise, Ajello recommended that the relic term “Phycomycosis” be replaced by zygomycosis. However, a name of the phycomycoses cannot exclude in present because zygomycoses cannot cover all infections caused by Oomycetous fungi. Some of the pathogenic species of Mucorales reported in the literature in Japan were reviewed and discussed with their taxonomic position in this symposium.
Aflatoxin B 1 (0.05 μM per larvae) was detected in silkworm larvae artificially attacked by an Aspergillus flavus isolate from a sericultural farm in Japan.
