In this paper, I will claim that switch-reference marking in Mbyá has several modes of use, which require different kinds of description. Specifically, I claim that there is an unmarked mode of use that has a grammatical ("internal") description, as well as other, marked modes of use that require extragrammatical ("external") descriptions. Among phenomena with such marked and unmarked modes, we can further distinguish at least two subtypes: on-call phenomena and fair-weather phenomena; Mybá switch-reference marking is of the latter type.
From the introduction: "In this paper, the Mbyá V1-V2 construction is examined from various points of view: lexico-semantic (Sect. 2), phonological (in relation to stress) (Sect. 3), morphological (Sect. 4) and syntactic (Sect. 5). It is seen to be a phrase in which V2 functions syntactically as a modifier of V1. This construction is then compared and contrasted with others in Mbyá, namely subordinate clauses (Sect. 6) and coordinate clauses (Sect. 7). At this point (Sect. 8), it is compared with SVCs as documented in languages of West Africa, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Papua New Guinea and in other Austronesian languages, as well as possibly in Yuman languages of North America (Redden). To my knowledge, however, SVCs have not been described in languages of South America. The Mbyá V1-V2 construction turns out to behave like SVCs in its semantics and in some syntactic aspects. However, in four respects is it grammatically tighter than stock SVCs: (i) the V2 has an identifying suffix; (ii) it has a distinctive, reduced agreement pattern; (iii) it is requir3ed to have the same subject and, if transitive, the same object as V1; (iv) the construction is virtually impervious to the occurrence of arguments between V1 and V2."
This book is about a theory of language that combines two observations (1) that language is based on an extensive cognitive infrastructure (cognitivism) and (2) that it is functional for its user (functionalism). These observations are regarded as two dimensions of one phenomenon that both need to be accounted for, simultaneously and coherently, in accounting for language. Chapter 1 presents the cognitivist and functionalist points of view and their interrelation and discusses the integration of language research under a cognitive umbrella; the issue of defining 'functions of language', and the formalism-functionalism debate. Chapter 2 criticizes the Chomskyan formalist conception of language and cognition from the perspective of cognitive-pragmatic theory. The focus is on different aspects of the competence-performance dichotomy, and in particular on the nature of linguistic knowledge. The ontogenesis and phylogenesis of language are also discussed. Chapter 3 deals with the potential contribution of a functional-linguistic grammar to an integrated conception of the cognitive systems of language, viz. Dik's Functional Grammar, and introduces the concept of a Functional Procedural Grammar as a more integrative model for language production. Special attention is also paid to the nature of conceptual knowledge and the relationship between language production and interpretation. The debate is illustrated by an analysis of negative-raising.
A metric DD is convex if for every two points x,zx,z there is a third point yy such that D(x,y)+D(y,z)=D(x,z)D(x,y) + D(y,z) = D(x,z). A generalized continuum is a connected, locally compact, metric space. Let M1{M_1} be a nonempty space with a complete convex metric D1{D_1} and let M2{M_2} be a nonempty locally connected generalized continuum. The following condition is shown to be necessary and sufficient for there to exist a complete convex metric for M1∪M2{M_1} \cup {M_2} that extends D1:M1∩M2{D_1}:{M_1} \cap {M_2} is a nonempty subspace of both M1{M_1} and M2{M_2} which is closed in M2{M_2} and whose M2{M_2} boundary is closed in M1{M_1}.