James Hamuel Doughari

Modibbo Adama University of Technology

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Izanne Susan Human

Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Patrick Alois Ndakidemi

Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology

A. M. El-Mahmood

Bruno Alexandre Quistorp Santos

Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Spinney Benade

Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe

University of Johannesburg

Pukuma

AJ Spinnler Benadé

Human Sciences Research Council

Lues Jfr

Central University of Technology

J. U. Ewansiha

Modibbo Adama University of Technology

Cooperative Institutions

Modibbo Adama University of Technology

Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Federal University of Technology Minna

Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology

Adamawa State University

Scriptorium

Danieli (Italy)

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies

Royal Gwent Hospital

Tropical Pesticides Research Institute

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Antimicrobial Activity of Senna alata Linn.

East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2008)

James Hamuel Doughari B Okafor

The antimicrobial activity of aqueous and organic extracts of the roots and leaves of Senna alata were studied using the cup plate agar diffusion method. All the extracts demonstrated considerable activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and some fungi with the organic extracts showing higher activity than the aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the methanol extracts ranged between 6-20 mg/ml and 25-100 mg/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that the extracts contained tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and phenols. The results obtained show the basis for the local usage of S. alata Linn as an antimicrobial. Keywords: Senna alata, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical analysis, antibioticsEast and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies Vol. 10 (1) 2007: pp. 17-21

Phytochemical

Agar diffusion test

Senna

10.4314/ecajps.v10i1.9756

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Citations (27)

Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> Linn

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2007)

James Hamuel Doughari

Purpose: Tamarindus indica is a plant that is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cold, fever, stomach disorder, diarrhea and jaundice and as skin cleanser. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of the plant, the antimicrobial activities of extracts of the stem bark and leaves were evaluated against some common gram negative and gram positive bacteria and fungi. The study also investigated the chemical constituents of the plant and the effect of temperature and pH on its antimicrobial activity. Methods: The phytochemical constituents of the dried powdered plant parts were extracted using aqueous and organic solvents (acetone and ethanol). The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria and fungi using the paper disc diffusion method. Results: Results of the phytochemical studies revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, sesquiterpenes, alkaloids and phlobatamins and the extracts were active against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The activity of the plant extracts were not affected when treated at different temperature ranges (4oC, 30oC, 60oC and 100oC), but was reduced at alkaline pH. Studies on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the test organisms showed that the lowest MIC and the MBC were demonstrated against Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi and the highest MIC and MBC was exhibited against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Tamarindus indica has broad spectrum antibacterial activity and a potential source of new classes of antibiotics that could be useful for infectious disease chemotherapy and control. Keywords: Tamarindus indica, Antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, chemotherapy, infectious disease. > Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5 (2) 2006: pp. 597-603

Phytochemical

Agar diffusion test

Minimum bactericidal concentration

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Gram-Negative Bacteria

10.4314/tjpr.v5i2.14637

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Citations (282)

Bacteriological examination of some diluted disinfectants routinely used in the Specialist Hospital Yola, Nigeria

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (2009)

A. M. El-Mahmood James Hamuel Doughari

8cfu/ml. Amongst the 5 different disinfectants analyzed, Purit was found to be highly contaminated (30%), followed by Dettol (25%), Parazone (20%), Z-germicide (15%), Septol (10%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the isolates were significantly higher than that of the control sensitive strains, but were lower than the values quoted by the manufacturers of these disinfectants. All the isolates showed variable sensitivity to antibiotics with each disinfectant showing sensitivity to at least four antibiotics tested in this study.

Disinfectant

Minimum bactericidal concentration

Antibiotic sensitivity

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Antibacterial Activity ofPhyllanthus muellerianus.

Pharmaceutical Biology (2008)

James Hamuel Doughari D. Sunday

The active principles of leaves and stem bark of Phyllanthus muellerianus.(Kuntze) Excell (Euphobiaceae) were extracted with water and organic solvents (acetone and methanol) and tested for their antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that both the extracts contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and anthraquinones. Both the aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves and stem bark showed high antibacterial activity against the test organisms. The least activity (6-mm zone of inhibition, MIC and MBC values of 625 and 312.5 μ g/mL, respectively) by water leaf extracts was demonstrated against Staphylococcus, aureus., and the highest activity (18-mm zone of inhibition, MIC and MBC values of 625 μ g/mL each) by water bark extracts and (22-mm zone of inhibition, MIC and MBC values of 625 and 156.3 μ g/ML, respectively) by the methanol bark extracts was demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. at 5000 μ g/Ml. The activity of the extracts was relatively stable at high temperatures and was enhanced at acidic pH. The plant can be used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, uretritis, otitis media, and wound infections.

Phytochemical

Anthraquinones

Phyllanthus

Pathogenic bacteria

10.1080/13880200802055842

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Effect of liquid disinfectant Morigad ® on the growth patterns of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (2009)

A. M. El-Mahmood James Hamuel Doughari

®against some test and control strains of nosocomial infectious agents namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were investigated by measurement of viability of the organisms using turbidometric studies and various diluents (sterile tap water (STW), sterile deionized water (SDW) and 10% rabbit serum) and cultivation on solid media. Results showed that loss of viability was faster in SDW, followed by STW, then 10% rabbit serum. A higher percentage of the resistant (control) strains S1, E1 and C1 survived compared to the susceptible (test) strains S2, E2 and C2. The viability of the cells in the disinfectant was also concentration dependent with the death rates (Kmin -1 ) higher in SDW than in STW and E. coli more susceptible followed by S. aureus and C. albicans. Measurement of microbial resistance using decimal reduction time (DRT) against the lethal effects of the disinfectant shows that the slopes were lower for the test organisms and higher for the control organisms, while E. coli (E1 and E2) had higher DRT, followed by S. aureus (S1 and S2) and then C. albicans (C1 and C2). Result also showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values from the different diluents used were highest for serum, followed by STW, while the lowest values were obtained from SDW. For the organisms investigated, E. coli had the highest MIC (0.042) and MBC (0.046) followed by S. aureus (MIC 0.034, MBC 0.038), while C. albicans demonstrated the lowest MIC (0.032) and MBC (0.034) values.

Disinfectant

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Microbiological contamination of the hands of food handlers as indicator of hand washing efficacy in some convenience food industries in South Africa

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences (2014)

Lambrechts Aa Izanne Susan Human James Hamuel Doughari Lues Jfr

Hands of ready-to-eat food service employees have been shown to be vectors in the spread of foodborne disease, mainly because of poor personal hygiene and accounting for approximately 97% of food borne illnesses in food service establishments and homes. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of hand washing practices and sanitation before commencing work among food handlers in the convenient food industry in Gauteng, South Africa.A total of 230 samples were collected, involving 100% of the food handlers, in 8 selected convenient food outlets with their main focus on preparing ready-to-eat foods. The workers' cleaned and disinfected dominant hands were sampled for Total Plate Count (TPC), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Bacteria were isolated and counted using standard methods.The highest bacterial count from the hand samples was 7.4 x 10(3) cfu.cm(-2) and the lowest showed no detectable growth. Although hands with a count of 0 cfu.cm(-2) were found in all of the plants, the results indicated that all the plants exceeded the legal limit for food surfaces or hands of < 100 cfu.cm(-2) when the average bacterial counts on hands were compared. Sixty percent of the TPC analysed exceeded the legal limit and only 18% of the food handlers had no bacteria detectable on their hands. One sample tested positive for E. coli and S. aureus could not be detected on the hands of any of the food handlers.The study revealed that hand hygiene is unsatisfactory and may have serious implications for public health due to contamination of food from food handlers' hands. This therefore underlined the importance of further training to improve food handlers' knowledge of good hand washing practices.

Personal hygiene

Food service

Hand washing

Contaminated food

Food contaminant

10.12669/pjms.304.4400

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Citations (61)

Phytochemicals as chemotherapeutic agents and antioxidants: Possible solution to the control of antibiotic resistant verocytotoxin producing bacteria

Journal of Medicinal Plants Research (2009)

James Hamuel Doughari Izanne Susan Human S. Bennade Patrick Alois Ndakidemi

The interest in plants with antimicrobial properties has been revived due to current problems associated with the use of antibiotics with the increased prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Some emerging species of bacteria such as Escherichia coli 0517: H7 and Acinetobacterspecies that are verocytotoxin producers present further chemotherapeutic challenges because of the increased level of toxin production in medium when challenged with antibiotics. The abundant medicinal plant resources and their antioxidant properties and possibly undiscovered novel modes of action can be a solution to the control of multidrug resistant verocytotoxic bacteria. Key words: Antimicrobial, multi-drug resistance, chemotherapy.

Verocytotoxin

10.5897/jmpr.9001012

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Citations (124)

ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF SOME CLINICAL ISOLATES OF

James Hamuel Doughari

Summary Antifungal susceptibility pattern of some clinical isolates of Candida albicans were investigated from 82 urine (25 from males, 57 from females) and 42 high vaginal swab (HVS) samples. All the urine samples from males did not yield any C. albicans isolates, 8 samples from female urine and 6 samples from high vaginal swab samples yielded isolates of C. albicans. Antifungal susceptibility tests of the isolates showed that only 3 (37.5%) of the isolates were susceptible to the antifungal agents tested with the overall of 78.57% of all the candida albicans isolates resistant to fluconazole, ketokunazole and nystatin. There is evidence that antifungal resistant strains of C. albicans exist in the environment, which therefore highlights the need to conduct a wider survey with the aim of determining rate of resistance for possible development of effective control strategies.

Nystatin

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Phytochemical screening and antibacterial evaluation of the leaf and root extracts of Cassia alata Linn

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (2008)

A. M. El-Mahmood James Hamuel Doughari

Phytochemical

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Citations (37)

Shiga toxins (Verocytotoxins)

African Journal of Microbiology Research (2009)

James Hamuel Doughari Patrick Alois Ndakidemi Izanne Susan Human AJ Spinnler Benadé

Shiga toxins (Stxs) also called Verocytotoxins (Vtxs) and Shiga-like toxins (SLTs), are bacterial toxins produced by some members of the Enterobacteriaceae particulary Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 as well as Acinetobacter spp (Moraxellaceae), Enterobacter cloacae and Aeromonas hymophilus. The toxin is made of two moieties, the B-moiety that is responsible for its binding to cell surface receptors, and the A-moiety which enters the cytosol and inhibits protein synthesis enzymatically. Their pathological effect in humans is mainly as a result of inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. Shiga toxins are haboured mainly by ruminants, principally cattle as well as sheep, buffaloes, pigs, goats, dogs, cats and pigeons. The two major groups of the toxin, Stx1 and Stx2 are associated with mild or bloody diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis (HC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and also, nosocomial infections in humans. Predisposing factors to infection with Shiga toxin producing bacteria includes old age, immunosupression, malnutrition, under developed immunity in neonates, poor hygiene, lack of portable water and excreta contamination of existing traditional water sources. Transmission is through consumption of contaminated food and water, person-to-person and animal contact. High rate of antibiotic resistance amongst Stxs-producing bacteria is causing concern all over the world, therefore improved personal and food hygiene and the provision of portable drinking water appears to be the best preventive measure against the infection.

Enterobacter cloacae

10.5897/ajmr.9000658

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Citations (10)