Ground waters are a source of drinking water in Mazandaran province. High rainfall, the existence of many rivers draining into the Caspian Sea, and uncontrolled utilization of pesticide toxicants, are of major concern regarding the water resources of this province. This research was designed to provide an estimation of quantity and quality of toxicant utilization in this area. In addition, the study was designed to help the authorities of the province to control the hazardous and toxic materials contained in the water. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire and by direct observation, with reference to centers with valid documentation and archived records of distributors, and included interviews with authorities and the completion of checklists for water resources and risk potential. Twelve cities in the province were selected for data collection. The completed questionnaires were based on multistage sampling, clustered and randomized samples were obtained from districts, rural areas, and farming families in each city. The results indicate that the maximum toxicant utilization (25.5%) occurred in Amol city. Ramsar city had the least toxicant utilization (1.3%). Machete, Saturn, and Ronstar (used as herbicides), Hinosan (used as a fungicide), and Sevin and Diazinon (used as insecticides) are traditional toxicants in the province. Machete and Sevin had the maximum and minimum utilization, respectively. Average utilization per capita reached 490.5 ml for Machete and 89.1 ml for Sevin (based on total province population). A low drinking water table (8–16m), lack of sanitation, drainage of agricultural effluents, and a lack of basic barriers between the contaminants and drinking water sources were the main risk factors for utilization of pesticide toxicants in Mazandaran province.
Background and purpose: Cadmium is a very toxic metal that have adverse effects on human health and aquatic environments even at low concentrations, therefore, efforts should be made to eliminate this metal from aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Lcysteine functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) in cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. This study also assessed the role of some parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and cadmium concentration. Materials and methods: Single-walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized with L-cysteine. Then the optimum level of pH, carbon nanotubes dose, contact time, and cadmium concentration were determined during the adsorption process. The experimental data were compared with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Results: qe increased when the pH level increased, while contact time and Cd concentration decreased by increasing of the carbon nanotubes dose. The Langmuir adsorption model agreed well with the experimental data (R = 0.997). Efficiency of removal of Cd by SWCNs was 94.26% in optimal condition. Conclusion: The results showed that L-cysteine functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes could be effective for the removal of cadmium.
In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries.
Methods
GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution.
Findings
Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI.
Interpretation
As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve.
Background and purpose:The textile dyes are considered as important pollutants due to the toxicity on human and environment.Therefore, the dye removal from industrial effluents is necessary.This study evaluates the ability of Azolla for the adsorption of acid black 1 (AB1) dye from aqueous solution. Materials and Methods:This was an experimental-laboratory study.The Azolla biomass was sun dried, crushed and sieved to particle sizes in the range of 1-2 mm.Then, it treated with 0.1 M HCl for 5 h, followed by washing with distilled water, and it used as an adsorbent.The effect of study parameter was investigated, and the residues AB1 concentration was measured by DR2800 spectrophotometer at in λ max = 622 nm. Results:The results indicated that the efficiency of AB1 adsorption decreased with increased initial dye concentration.It increased with increased contact time and adsorbent.The highest adsorption efficiency was occurred at pH = 2.The equilibrium data were the best fitted on Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Conclusion:The Azolla could present high ability in dye removal.Therefore, it can be used as inexpensive and effective adsorbent in textile effluent treatment.
Background and purpose: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) are environmental pollutants that are caused by human activity and considered as carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds. Anthracene is a hazardous substance causing serious health problems. There are many bacteria with the ability to remove this pollutant. The aim of of this study was isolation of some bacteria from Tajan river estuary and their use in biodegradation of Anthracene. Materials and methods: In this study the samples taken from estuaries were inoculated into a synthetic medium culture. Four species of bacteria were isolated in the culture process and applied for removal of Anthracene in different environmental conditions such as pH, time, temperature and concentration of Anthracene. Spectrophotometer and HPLC were used to study the growth of bacteria and Anthracene concentration, respectively. Results: The results showed that, optimum condition for removal of Anthracene was pH= 7, temperature= 30 °C, and the dose of inoculated bacteria 10 7 cfu/ml. Anthracene concentration was 100 ppm. Efficiency of the Anthracene removal in the presence of Pseudomonas putida, Achrobactrum haematophilum, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterococcus sp, was obtained 51, 45, 43 and 48 percent, respectively. Pseudomonas putida bacteria species had the highest efficiency in Anthracene removal and Enterococcus sp strains had the lowest efficiency. Conclusion: The biological method is a cheap and effective method that can be used for Anthracene removal.
In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults.
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