Abstract NADPH diaphorase (N-d) is used to a histochemical identification of subgroup of neuronal cells. Beside regular intracellular N-d positivity, membrane-related positivity revealed as a specialized staining pattern in the pigeon brain stem. In the investigation of the nervous system of homing pigeons (Columba livia) with N-d staining, we found a specialized structure, which temporally was termed as N-d tubular glomerular body/structure or as T-J body related to the last name of authors. This N-d positive specialization constituted by tubular components bilaterally located in the medial to the lemniscus spinalis in the medulla oblongata. The tubular components were moderate staining. T-J body was a longitudinal oriented structure of 2400 μm with N-d staining. N-d positive tubular components were twisted and intermingled together. Beside the young adult pigeons, T-J body s were also consistently detected in the aged pigeons. Membrane-related staining were also detected in the other rostral nuclei in the brain stem. With discussion and review of related scientific literatures, T-J body was considered as a new anatomical structure or a new feature of the existent nucleus. In summary, beside N-d intracellular distribution, there were other three N-d membrane-related localizations: mini-aggregation, patch-aggregation, and arrangement along tubular unit.
Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)‐diaphorase (N‐d) positive neurons have been extensively studied across various animals, and N‐d neurodegenerative neurites have been detected in some aged animal models. However, detailed knowledge on N‐d positivity and aging‐related alterations in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of pigeons is limited. In this study, we investigated N‐d positivity and age‐related changes in the pigeon's spinal cord and medulla oblongata and compared them to those in rats and mice. Pigeons, had more N‐d neurons in the dorsal horn, around the central canal, and in the column of Terni in the thoracic and lumbar segments, with scattered neurons found in the ventral horn of the spinal segments. N‐d neurons were also present in the white matter of the spinal cord. Morphometric analysis revealed that the size of N‐d soma in the lumbosacral, cervical, and thoracic regions was substantially altered in aged pigeons compared to young birds. Furthermore, the lumbar to sacral segments underwent significant morphological alterations. The main findings of this study were the presence of age‐related N‐d positive bodies (ANB) in aged pigeons, predominantly in the external cuneate nucleus (CuE) and occasionally in the gracilis and CuEs. ANBs were also identified in the gracile nuclei and spinal cord in the aged rats and mice, whereas in aged rats, ANBs were detected in the CuE spinal nucleus. Immunohistochemistry showed that the age‐related alterations occurred in the cell types and neuropeptides in old animals. The results suggest weak inflammatory response and neuronal dysfunction in the spinal cord in aged pigeons. Our results suggested that the ANB could be a potential aging marker for the central nervous system.
Abstract NADPH-diaphorase (N-d) activity is commonly used to identify NOS-ergic neurons. In our previous study, N-d positive neuritic dystrophy and spheroid termed aging-related N-d Body is discovered in the lumbosacral spinal cord in the normal aging rats. Histological studies also reveal that N-d positive neurodegenerative changes occur in the gracile nucleus. We re-examined N-d activity in gracile nucleus in aged rat. We found N-d positive neuritic dystrophy and spheroid also occurred in the cuneatus nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Besides regular coronal section, longitudinal oriented dystrophic neurites were detected in the sagittal and horizontal section in gracile nucleus and dorsal column. We fziurther examined the medullary oblongata with regular classical histology including Golgi staining, immunocytochemistry of NOS and phosphorylated tau protein, neuronal tracing method with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated alexa-fluor-488 through sciatic nerve, and spinal cord transection at thoracic level. Most of N-d positive neuritic dystrophy and spheroid did not showed colocalization with NOS or phosphorylated tau protein. Neuronal tracing and spinal cord transection revealed that N-d dystrophic neurites in gracile nucleus originated from terminal of sensory projection from spinal cord and peripheral somatic input. The results suggested that aging-related N-d dystrophy in the gracile nucleus was unique morphological feature. In conclusion, it was postulated that the N-d dystrophy as a morphological marker of aging degenerative damage in normal aged organisms.
Abstract Megaloneurite of NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) positivity is a new kind of aging-related neurodegeneration and also co-localized with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the sacral spinal cord of aged dog and monkey. However, no immunocytochemistry of VIP was exclusively tested in the aged dog and no evidence has been reported in the aged human spinal cord. Aged dogs were used to examine the distribution of VIP immunopositivity in the sacral spinal cord. Immunocytochemistry of VIP and alpha-synuclein were also examined in the aged human spinal cord. The VIP immunopositivity in aged dog was reconfirmed our previous finding illustrated by immunofluorescent study. Megalogneurite was also identified by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreaction in aged dog. The VIP positive megaloneurites both in age dog and human were detected in dorsal root entry zoon, Lissauer’s tract, dorsal commissural nucleus and anterior commissural gray as well as in the lateral funiculus of the sacral spinal cord exclusive of other segments of spinal cord. Alpha-synuclein positivity was present mini-aggregation and Lewy body in the sacral spinal cord of aged human, that also occurred in the lumber, thoracic and cervical spinal cord. It was firstly tested that VIP megaloneurites occurred in the aged human sacral spinal cord, especially in the white matter. Megaloneurites identified by NADPH-d-VIP-NOS immunoreaction could implicate for the dysfunction of pelvic organs in the aged human being.
Abstract We investigated aging-related changes in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the spinal cord of aged dogs. At all levels of the spinal cord examined, NADPH-d activities were observed in neurons and fibers in the superficial dorsal horn (DH), dorsal gray commissure (DGC) and around the central canal (CC). A significant number of NADPH-d positive macro-diameter fibers, termed megaloneurites, were discovered in the sacral spinal cord (S1–S3) segments of aged dogs. The distribution of megaloneurites was characterized from the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) into the superficial dorsal horn, along the lateral collateral pathway (LCP) to the region of sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN), DGC and around the CC, but not in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments. Double staining of NADPH-d histochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that NADPH-d positive megaloneurites co-localized with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. We believed that megaloneurites may in part represent visceral afferent projections to the SPN and/or DGC. The NADPH-d megaloneurites in the aged sacral spinal cord indicated some anomalous changes in the neurites, which might account for a disturbance in the aging pathway of the autonomic and sensory nerve in the pelvic visceral organs.
Abstract NADPH diaphorase (N-d) positive neurons has been examined in many animals. N-d neurodegenerative neurites were detected in some animal models. However, detailed information of N-d positivity and aging related changes was still lack in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of pigeons. In this study, we evaluated the N-d positivity and aging alterations in the spinal cord and medullary oblongata of the pigeon compared with rat and mouse. In pigeons, N-d neurons were more numerous in the dorsal horn, around the central canal and in the column of Terni in the thoracic and lumbar segments and scattered neurons occurred in the ventral horn of spinal segments. N-d neurons also occurred in the white matter of spinal cord. Morphometrical analysis demonstrated in the lumbosacral, cervical and thoracic regions. Compared with young pigeons, the size of N-d soma was significantly altered in aged pigeons. Meanwhile, the dramatic morphological changes occurred in the lumbar to sacral segments. The most important findings of this study were aging-related N-d positive bodies (ANB) in aged pigeons, mainly in the nucleus cuneatus externus (CuE), occasionally in the nuclei gracilis et cuneatus. ANBs were identified in the gracile nuclei in spinal cord in the aged rats and mice. ANBs were also detected in the CuE spinal nucleus in the aged rats. Immunohistochemistry also showed that the aging changes occurred in the cell types and neuropeptides in aged animals. The results suggested the weak inflammation and neuronal dysfunction in the spinal cord in aged pigeons. Our results suggested that the ANB could be considered as aging marker in the central nervous system.
In order to improve the level of network intrusion detection, this paper optimized IPSO-SVM algorithm based on support vector machine, and applied the algorithm to network intrusion detection, and constructed a new network intrusion detection architecture. This architecture simplifies the intrusion detection system by sample classification and selects the optimal parameters as the basis of intrusion detection judgment by iterative processing. Experimental results show that the intrusion detection scheme proposed in this paper can fully and accurately identify the intrusion attack behavior, and can be used as a network intrusion detection tool.
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