Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, often causes serious and life-threatening infections in immunocompromised hosts as well as in normal individuals. In the present study, purified cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen was examined for its effect on several parameters of immune response and its ability to induce immune response to itself. Injection of the antigen into mice resulted in a dose-related specific antibody response which was detected at the individual antibody plaque-forming-cell level by a hemolytic assay in gel. Relatively low doses of cryptococci induced a maximal response, whereas higher doses resulted in a markedly depressed response. The antibody response to the cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen appeared to be T cell independent and regulated by suppressor T cells, since mice injected with antilymphocyte serum or antithymocyte serum showed specific antibody responses to the antigen that were higher than those of untreated mice. It also markedly affected the in vitro mixed-lymphocyte reaction when added to cultures of mouse spleen cells being challenged in vitro with mitomycin C-treated allogeneic cells. The lower doses stimulated the response, whereas higher doses suppressed it. The macrophage response to yeast cells but not opsonized sheep erythrocytes was also modulated by the cryptococcal antigen.
Abstract This study was initiated to determine whether purified slime polysacchar- ide(PSP) from P aeruginosa inhibits the ingestion of heat killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae particles in macrophage cultures. Relative to controls, direct phagocytosis assays revealed that the percentages of phagocytes and the numbers of ingested yeast particles per phagocyte decreased in a dose-dependent manner in PSP-treated cultures. Thus, PSP may act as a virulence factor in vivo by impairing the phagocytic capacity of macrophages.
Abstract The influence of placing a CH3N- linkage trans to a site of nitro substitution and spontaneous nitrito-to-nitro isomerization is reported for the Co(NSNSN)H2O3+ cation where NSNSN is 7-methyl-4,10-dithia-1,7,13-triazatridecane, NH2CH2CH2-S-CH2CH2-N(CH3)-CH2CH2-S-CH2CH2NH2. Preparation and characterization is described for the aqua and nitrito complexes. Co(NSNSN)H2O3+ is 435 times more reactive than Co(NH3)5H2O3+ under identical conditions. Nitrito-to-nitro isomerization is much slower than the conversion of Co(NSNSN)H2O3+ to Co(NSNSN)ONO2+. The isomerization was studied at a number of wavelengths, temperatures and at various concentrations of acid and nitrite ion at ionic strengths of 0.11–0.60 m. Isomerization rate constants are 1.10±0.11 × 10-5sec-1 at 20.0[ddot]C, 5.24 ± 0.83 × 10-5sec-1 at 30.0[ddot]C, and 18.1 ± 1.1 × 10-5 sec-1 at 39.0[ddot]C. Thermodynamic activation parameters are ΔHΔ = 109.3 kJ mol-1, ΔSΔ = + 33 J mol-1 K-1 and ΔGΔ = 99.4 kJ mol-1. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data refined to an R of 0.032 are presented for the product, [Co(NSNSN)NO2](ClO4)2. The complex has the symmetrical ax geometric configuration. Nitrite ion causes a structural trans influence of 0.042 Å on the trans nitrogen-Co(III) bond in the Co(NSNSN)NO2+ 2 ion. These results are discussed in the context of present knowledge and experience with other cobalt(III) Iigand systems.
A plaque assay technique was used to assess the immunogenicity of a gonococcal cell wall polysaccharide (Gc2 antigen) in BALB/c mice. The Gc2 antigen was shown to be immunogenic, and the kinetics of the response differed from that of a pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) and a polysaccharide antigen of Salmonella typhosa (Vi antigen). In addition, using antithymocyte sera, the T-lymphocyte dependency of these antigens was investigated. The immune response to the Gc2 antigen was demonstrated to be dependent on a population of helper T cells, whereas the response to SSS-III appears to be regulated by suppressor T cells. There appears to be marked differences in the immune response of mice to different bacterial polysaccharides.
Journal Article Modification by Sialic Acid of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lipooligosaccharide Epitope Expression in Human Urethral Exudates: An Immunoelectron Microscopic Analysis Get access Michael A. Apicella, Michael A. Apicella From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert E. Mandrell, Robert E. Mandrell From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Marlene Shero, Marlene Shero From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mark E. Wilson, Mark E. Wilson From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. McLeod Griffiss, J. McLeod Griffiss From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Goo. F. Brooks, Goo. F. Brooks From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Claudia Lammel, Claudia Lammel From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John F. Breen, John F. Breen From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peter A. Rice Peter A. Rice From the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medical Sciences; the University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine; the University of South Florida, School of Medicine, Tampa; and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Reprints and correspondence: Dr. Michael A. Apicella, State University of New York at Buffalo, 462 Grider St., Buffalo, NY 14215. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 162, Issue 2, August 1990, Pages 506–512, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/162.2.506 Published: 01 August 1990 Article history Received: 13 June 1989 Revision received: 31 January 1990 Published: 01 August 1990
ConclusionThis book was designed as an experiment aimed at producing an alternative reading of Shinto history.We began by setting aside the abstract notion of Shinto, typically construed to mean "Japan's original Way" or "Japan's indigenous religion."This was not because we understand Shinto to be of little historical importance; far from it.Rather, we see the need to draw a historical distinction between the concept of Shinto on the one hand, and the social reality of kami, shrines, rites, and myths on the other.In our understanding, they are not coterminous: kami, shrines, rites, and myths have their own more or less discrete histories, while the concept of Shinto too has its own history no less deserving of close scrutiny.Much of this book has been engaged with exploring the dynamic processes by which kami, shrines, rites, and myths became Shinto.We have proposed that "Shintoization," a word as useful as it is ungainly, must be a matter of keen interest in any critical study of Shinto.Two questions emerge from this approach: What has Shinto meant as a concept at different stages of history?How and when has this concept affected shrines, myths and rites?In this conclusion we will draw on our investigations of the development of a particular shrine, myth, and ritual to address these questions in turn.Shinto as we understand it today took on clear contours in the revolutionary fervor of 1868, when shrines were systematically wrenched from Buddhism and converted into sites of
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