Considerable attention has been recently given to possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via water media. This review addresses this issue and examines the fate of coronaviruses (CoVs) in water systems, with particular attention to the recently available information on the novel SARS-CoV-2. The methods for the determination of viable virus particles and quantification of CoVs and, in particular, of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater are discussed with particular regard to the methods of concentration and to the emerging methods of detection. The analysis of the environmental stability of CoVs, with particular regard of SARS-CoV-2, and the efficacy of the disinfection methods are extensively reviewed as well. This information provides a broad view of the state-of-the-art for researchers involved in the investigation of CoVs in aquatic systems, and poses the basis for further analyses and discussions on the risk associated to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in water media. The examined data indicates that detection of the virus in wastewater and natural water bodies provides a potentially powerful tool for quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) and for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for the evaluation of the level of circulation of the virus in a population. Assays of the viable virions in water media provide information on the integrity, capability of replication (in suitable host species) and on the potential infectivity. Challenges and critical issues relevant to the detection of coronaviruses in different water matrixes with both direct and surrogate methods as well as in the implementation of epidemiological tools are presented and critically discussed.
A conceptual area is divided into units or barangays, each was allowed to evolve under a physical constraint. A risk assessment method was then used to identify the flood risk in each community using the following risk factors: the area's urbanized area ratio, literacy rate, mortality rate, poverty incidence, radio/TV penetration, and state of structural and non-structural measures. Vulnerability is defined as a weighted-sum of these components. A penalty was imposed for reduced vulnerability. Optimization comparison was done with MatLab's Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing; results showed 'extreme' solutions and realistic designs, for simulated annealing and genetic algorithm, respectively.
The goal of this study is to detect chlorpyrifos, a pesticide, in the Pampanga River basin and to create a new model, or improve upon an existing one, that can accurately predict the concentration levels of micro pollutants in the river bed. The complete dry and wet seasons are accounted for by taking samples within a single calendar year. Method of analysis include the preparation of samples in line with the standard test available utilizing GC-MS. The analyses were done at the National Sciences Research Institute- Research Analytical Services Laboratory. The widely acceptable water quality model (WASP8) provided by the USEPA is used with an added feature like Monte Carlo Program is incorporated in this model to predict future concentration results. The research includes a risk analysis of potential hazards posed by both target and non-target organisms. The first samples were taken from locations that had been previously determined to have a high concentration of the pollutants of interest, such as nearby farmlands and tributaries. Identified sampling sites with high concentrations of target pesticides (chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and malathion) constitute subject regions for the model. A dynamic box model was used in the Pampanga River channel with loads based on the laboratory results. Actual test results from GC-MS demonstrated that the model, with parameters and constants provided, can estimate amounts of pesticides at the downstream of the river water. The model is cross-validated based on the fact that it produces a mean error of 0.0263% when applied to the tributaries and a mean error of 0.65% when applied to the main channel. The predicted exposure concentrations for most of the identified pesticides were found to be greater than the regulation permissible value during the risk assessment for aquatic species. Additional study on safe pesticide concentrations is required before the Philippines can implement exposure scenarios and models for pesticide authorization. Further studies are also needed to build top-tier model and risk management that may be utilized in the Philippine scenario. People will require this model to help them make educated choices about how to deal with micro-pollutants like pesticides. The results of this investigation can be used as a basis of social and industrial strategies.
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) have been detected at significant concentrations in various natural and artificial aquatic environments. In this study, electro membrane bioreactor (eMBR) technology was used to treat simulated municipal wastewater containing widely-used pharmaceuticals namely amoxicillin (AMX), diclofenac (DCF) and carbamazepine (CBZ). The effects of varying current density on the removal of PhACs (AMX, DCF and CBZ) and conventional pollutants (chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), humic substances, ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and orthophosphate (PO4-P) species) were examined. High COD and DOC removal efficiencies (~100%) were obtained in all the experimental runs regardless of applied current density. In contrast, enhanced removal efficiencies for AMX, DCF and CBZ were achieved at high current densities. Membrane fouling rate in eMBR with respect to conventional MBR was reduced by 24, 44 and 45% at current densities of 0.3, 0.5 and 1.15 mA/cm2, respectively. The mechanism for pharmaceutical removal in this study proceeded by: (1) charge neutralization between negatively-charged pharmaceutical compounds and positive electro-generated aluminium coagulants to form larger particles and (2) size exclusion by membrane filtration.
Biodiesel was produced from microalgae under ultrasound assisted transesterification using synthesized novel alkali catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by impregnating potassium ions in the catalyst support by ion exchanging 1.0 N KOH solution with pumice powder. The catalyst was evaluated with Hammett indicators, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. The catalyst can easily be separated by filtration and reuse is possible without reduction in its performance. The Fatty Acid Methyl Ester yield of biodiesel with optimized process parameters was 85%. Optimum process parameters were identified to be: methanol to oil ratio = 12:1; catalyst load = 10%; reaction time = 10 min; and ultrasonic processor percent amplitude = 40%.
References1. Title in Line 1 is more specific.The short title is too narrow and lacks specifics on the location covered or where the study is applicable to.2. There is redundancy in the citation.If a common reference is used in multiple sentences, especially if these sentences are stated consecutively, citation should be mentioned at the end of these sentences and context should be summarized.Line 56-61:In the United States, WBE is not regulated regarding privacy concerns, though globally general ethical principles have been described based on the premise that samples are typically collected with permission from a utility operating through publicly owned infrastructure [10-14].Pertinently, the premise of WBE is that informed and voluntary consent to participate in wastewater monitoring is not needed from individuals contributing feces or urine to the wastewater sample [10-14].Most wastewater utilities in the United States are governed by Line 66-72: Technologies that use impersonal data for a service purpose such as civil status (birth, death, and marriage), housing, elections, or work, have been shown to less likely raise privacy concerns [15].In contrast, technologies that use personal data for surveillance purposes such as police data or images captured by closed-circuit television cameras are more likely to raise privacy concerns [15].In this regard, there are three recurring dimensions: 3. The article needs more references to back up information and to clearly discuss relevant studies that would support the study.Methodology 1.The sampling technique (e.g.systematic, stratified, cluster, etc.) used in the study was not clearly mentioned.2. It was mentioned that survey was conducted in the United Stated with a figure showing the location of correspondents.Along with the figure shown, the list of all the states where survey was conducted should be enumerated.3. Total number of respondents should be mentioned in the first paragraph to avoid confusion.
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