This paper simulates the power source mix of Japanese electricity in the year of 2023 based on the information publicly available from electricity companies and electric power system council. It evaluates eight scenarios based on three important parameters for the Japanese electricity market: demand growth, penetration rates of renewable energy sources, and utilization rates of nuclear power. The paper employs a grid model that replicates power flow among the nine supply areas covering Japan, except for the area of Okinawa. The paper calculates future costs of electricity supply and emissions of carbon dioxides for each of the eight scenarios. It also assesses the impact of future PV penetration with an emphasis of the Kyushu area, where the impact appears most severe.
The thermodynamic and kinetic uncertainty relations indicate trade-offs between the relative fluctuation of observables and thermodynamic quantities such as dissipation and dynamical activity. Although these relations have been well studied for classical systems, they remain largely unexplored in the quantum regime. In this Letter, we investigate such trade-off relations for Markovian open quantum systems whose underlying dynamics are quantum jumps, such as thermal processes and quantum measurement processes. Specifically, we derive finite-time lower bounds on the relative fluctuation of both dynamical observables and their first passage times for arbitrary initial states. The bounds imply that the precision of observables is constrained not only by thermodynamic quantities but also by quantum coherence. We find that the product of the relative fluctuation and entropy production or dynamical activity is enhanced by quantum coherence in a generic class of dissipative processes of systems with nondegenerate energy levels. Our findings provide insights into the survival of the classical uncertainty relations in quantum cases.
We perform nonequilibrium simulations of heat conduction in a three dimensional anharmonic lattice. By studying slabs of length N and width W, we examine the crossover from one dimensional to three dimensional behavior of the thermal conductivity kappa. We find that for large N, the crossover takes place at a small value of the aspect ratio W/N. From our numerical data we conclude that the three dimensional system has a finite nondiverging kappa and thus provides the first verification of Fourier's law in a system without pinning.
Summary— The effect of nicorandil on systemic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) responses to adenosine was compared with that of cromakalim, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐sensitive K + channel opener, in anesthetized rats. Intravenous (iv) adenosine in doses of 1–100 μg/kg elicited dose‐dependent decreases in SBP, accompanied by decreases in HR. Potentiation of adenosine action by iv infusion of either nicorandil (10 or 30g/kg per min) or cromakalim (0.1 μg/kg per min) occurred in all of the animals tested. After iv treatment with glibenclamide (20 mg/kg), an ATP‐sensitive K + channel blocker, not only adenosine action but also the enhancement of adenosine action by nicorandil and cromakalim were significantly attenuated. The present result indicates that the enhancement of the adenosine action by nicorandil and cromakalim appears to occur at least partly through ATP‐sensitive K + channel activation.
In the present study, the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is employed using a three-dimensional realizable k-ε turbulent model with cavitation model to estimate the occurrence and the region of the cavitation cloud of the cavitating jet flow issuing from a notch (V-shaped groove) in an oil hydraulic pump. On the other hand, test pump model is designed to visualize the jet flow near a notch of a valve plate in an axial piston pump using a high-speed video camera from the perpendicular direction to the axis. The CFD results are found to be in good agreement with the visualization results. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of the number of notches on the pressure distribution, void fraction and the volume of the cavitation region. The erosion for those cases is discussed by investigating the pressure distribution on the inside surface of the cylinder.
We introduce a simple model for an engine based on the Nernst effect. In the presence of a magnetic field, a vertical heat current can drive a horizontal particle current against a chemical potential. For a microscopic model invoking classical particle trajectories subject to the Lorentz force, we prove a universal bound 3-2*sqrt(2) simeq 0.172 for the ratio between maximum efficiency and Carnot efficiency. This bound, as the slightly lower one 1/6 for efficiency at maximum power, can indeed be saturated for large magnetic field and small fugacity irrespective of the aspect ratio.
We discuss the universal nature of relaxation in isolated many-body quantum systems subjected to global and strong periodic driving. Our rigorous Floquet analysis shows that the energy of the system remains almost constant up to an exponentially long time in frequency for arbitrary initial states and that an effective Hamiltonian obtained by a truncation of the Floquet-Magnus expansion is a quasiconserved quantity in a long time scale. These two general properties lead to an intriguing classification on the initial stage of relaxation, one of which is similar to the prethermalization phenomenon in nearly integrable systems.
