The prevalence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after acute ischemic infarction varies greatly. Risk factors of HT include ageing, severity of stroke, baseline hypertension, high NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, hyperglycemia and cardioembolic infarction and low levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We investigated the relationship between LDL, lipid profile and HT after acute ischemic infarction and suggested precautions for HT management.Three hundred and forty-eight patients with acute infarction were included in the study. Fasting lipid profile was examined on the next morning following hospitalization. Either MRI GRE-T2*WI or CT was performed, one week after hospitalization to detect any cerebral microbleed (CMB) and hemorrhagic transformation. The lipid profiles examined included total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride (TG), LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).Among all the patients, HT was noted in 35 patients and non-HT in 313. As compared with non-HT group, HT group had lower levels of TCH, HDL and LDL, lower rates of leukoaraiosis and CMB, but higher scores of NIHSS, higher rates of diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation and urokinase thrombolysis. The multivariate binary logistic regression showed that cardioembolic infarction, infarction with undetermined etiology, high scores of NIHSS and diabetes were the risk factors of HT, while the protective factor was LDL (OR=0.654, 95% CI: 0.430-0.996, p=0.048).Low level of LDL is likely associated with increased HT after acute ischemic infarct, so for those patients with low level of LDL, high scores of NIHSS and cardioembolic infarction at admission, aggressive lipid- lowering treatment should be prescribed cautiously to prevent the incidence of HT.
The article "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate adenine-induced chronic renal failure via regulating ROS production and TGF-β/SMAD pathway", by J. Xu, Z.-P. Feng, H.-Y. Peng, P. Fu, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22 (15): 5024-5032-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201808_15645-PMID: 30070341, has been retracted by the authors due to input errors which occurred in the experimental data. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/15645.
The residual gas fraction has significant effects on combustion in a diesel engine. However, few researchers have studied the effects of the residual gas on startability and emissions of a diesel engine during cold start, in which the components of the residual gas fraction were very different from those under normal operating conditions. Through experiments conducted on a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine, this paper investigated the combustion and emissions characteristics during cold start under different exhaust valve closing (EVC) timing conditions. The results show that an appropriate increase in the residual gas fraction could promote ignition of the first firing cycle and combustion stability significantly during cold start. Residual gas also had significant effects on the emissions during cold start. Opacity during cold start, especially during the initial phase, could be reduced significantly by properly advancing the EVC timing. Owing to the strong thermal effect of residual gas, nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions during cold start tended to increase as the EVC timing was advanced.
The present study aimed to probe into the mechanism of p38MAPK in the failure of autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) caused by stenosis. A total of 24 patients with maintenance hemodialysis and the autologous AVF as the hemodialysis route were enrolled in the present study. In the experimental group, the internal fistula operation mode was the end-to-side anastomosis, and patients were those who needed autogenous AVF repair due to the venous hyperplasia and stenosis of the internal fistula anastomosis (n = 12). The control group was composed of patients who underwent autogenous AVF surgery for the first time (n = 12). The discarded venous tissues in each group were used for immunohistochemistry and Western blot detection of ASK1, P38, and ATF-2. SPSS 17.0 and GraphPad Prism 5 software were adopted for data analysis. The measurement data were expressed as means ± standard deviations ( x ± s), and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results of immunohistochemistry staining: the expressions of ASK1, P38, and ATF-2 in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The results of Western blot: the expression of P38 in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression of ASK1 and ATF-2 between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05). In stenotic AVF, the expressions of ASK1, P38, and ATF-2 all significantly increased, indicating that the p38MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in the formation of venous stenosis in AVF, and the p38MAPK signaling pathway might become a therapeutic target in preventing and treating the vascular stenosis in the fistula.
To explore the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in adenine-induced rat chronic renal failure and its underlying mechanism.30 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into three groups, namely sham group, adenine induction group (adenine group) and adenine induction + ω-3 PUFAs treatment group (ω-3 PUFAs group), with 10 rats in each group. Serum and kidney samples were collected after rats were sacrificed. Serum levels of Cr (creatinine) and BUN (urea nitrogen) were detected using commercial kits. HE (hematoxylin and eosin) staining was performed to evaluate the pathological changes of kidneys. Levels of oxidative stress indicators in rat kidney homogenate were detected by relative commercial kits, including SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH (reduced glutathione), CAT (catalase), and T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was also detected by immunofluorescence. Protein expressions of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/SMAD pathway-related genes were detected by Western blot.Serum levels of Cr and BUN in ω-3 PUFAs group were remarkably decreased compared with those of adenine group. Higher contents of SOD, GSH, CAT and T-AOC were observed in ω-3 PUFAs group compared with those of adenine group. Besides, MAD content and ROS production were lower in ω-3 PUFAs group than those of adenine group. Pathological changes of kidneys were alleviated after ω-3 PUFAs treatment. Western blot results demonstrated that ω-3 PUFAs treatment remarkably upregulates Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, but downregulates relative genes in TGF-β/SMAD pathway.ω-3 PUFAs alleviated adenine-induced chronic renal failure through enhancing antioxidant stress and inhibiting inflammatory response via regulating Nrf2 and TGF-β/SMAD pathway.
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