The fiber morphology, chemical composition and pulping properties of five Acacia species woods (7-year-old Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia mangium, Acacia mangium×A. auriculiformis, Acacia cincinnata, Acacia melanoxylon) were investigated. The results show that the 7-year-old Acacia cincinnata possesses the lowest lignin content and the highest cellulose content, being 18.73% and 82.95% respectively; furthermore, its average kappa number and K/Y ratio are the lowest, being 12.84 and 0.2305, and the pulping yield is the highest, reaching 55.69%. The results indicate that the 7-year-old Acacia cincinnata is an excellent kind of fast-growing hard wood for papermaking.
To obtain high strength wood by impregnating modifier at low pressing pressure and low heating temperature is one of advanced wood modification methods. Urea formaldehyde resins are produced in large amounts and are widely used in wood industry depending on the properties. However, the viscosity of common Urea formaldehyde resins is too high to impregnating into the log. In this case, a modifier with low viscosity called urea formaldehyde performed polymer were synthesized (UFP). In the meanwhile the influence of inorganic rigid particles (nano-SiO 2 ) on the properties of urea formaldehyde performed polymer, nano-SiO 2 / (urea formaldehyde performed polymer) composites have been made. The effects of different contents of nano-SiO 2 on the properties of nano-SiO 2 /UFP composites such as the dispersion of nano- SiO 2 and wood bonding strength were discussed. The results indicated that the bonding strength of wood modified by nano-UFP increased greatly.
Supramolecular responsive microcarriers based on chitosan microspheres were prepared and applied for nonenzymatic cell detachment. Briefly, chitosan microspheres (CSMs) were first prepared by an emulsion crosslinking approach, the surface of which was then modified with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) by chemical grafting. Subsequently, gelatin was attached onto the surface of the CSMs via the host-guest interaction between β-CD groups and aromatic residues in gelatin. The resultant microspheres were denoted CSM-g-CD-Gel. Due to their superior biocompatibility and gelatin niches, CSM-g-CD-Gel microspheres can be used as effective microcarriers for cell attachment and expansion. L-02, a human fetal hepatocyte line, was used to evaluate cell attachment and expansion with these microcarriers. After incubation for 48 h, the cells attached and expanded to cover the entire surface of microcarriers. Moreover, with the addition of adamantane (AD), cells can be detached from the microcarriers together with gelatin because of the competitive binding between β-CD and AD. Overall, these supramolecular responsive microcarriers could effectively support cell expansion and achieve nonenzymatic cell detachment and may be potentially reusable with a new cycle of gelatin attachment and detachment.
Abstract A proper interpretation and treatment of uncertainty enables decision makers to make confident decisions by better use of knowledge and successful communication of what we know and what we do not know. Thus uncertainty is important in decision analysis of evidence based conservation planning. A Bayesian approach to statistics shows more advantages over the classical frequentist in treating uncertainties. It allows for consideration of knowledge based uncertainties, which are likely to exist in our understanding of ecological and environmental systems. It allows transparent integration of multiple sources of evidence and modelling of causal relationships. Bayesian methods are more and more adopted in scientific research. The fact that Bayesian approaches incorporate uncertainty in scientific evidence with decision analysis in a transparent way, makes them useful in simulation based approaches in evidence based management. An important step in simulation based approaches is the model calibration which means to assign values to parameters in the assessment model. In this thesis, I put forward three model calibration approaches using Bayesian inference: traditional Bayesian modelling, Bayesian emulation and Bayesian Evidence Synthesis. I demonstrate how these methods handle calibration using a simple Population Viability Analysis assessing the risk of a population going extinct. The PVA is chosen to exemplify producing evidence for conservation planning. Then Bayesian Evidence Synthesis is applied to an economic optimization problem on strawberry production relying on pollination services. The link with conservation is that an efficient management of ecosystem services nowadays is part of conservation planning. A causal model was formulated that link characteristics in the surrounding landscape to visitation rates of pollinators (wild bees and honey bees) and from visitation rates to the yield and quality of strawberries. The model has been calibrated in OpenBUGS based on field measurement data. Simulated annealing was applied to find the optimal combination of management actions in different strawberry fields (sampled from a real landscape) that maximizes the strawberry farmers’ profits. Our case shows that Bayesian Evidence Synthesis is a suitable framework for conservation planning. In the end, I discuss the advantages and problems with traditional Bayesian modelling, Bayesian emulation and Bayesian Evidence Synthesis and compare these methods. (Less)
Pot experiment with winter wheat was conducted to investigate the effects of blended nitrogen (N) fertilizer (slow-release fertilizer-N:urea-N=1:1) combined with N fertilizer inhibitor NAM on soil ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3--N), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and fixed-ammonium (FN) contents. We analyzed dynamic characteristics of soil mineral N, MBN, FN pools under different treatments. There were six treatments, including no N fertilizer (CK), conventional urea (U), blended N fertilizer (MU), MU plus 2.5‰ NAM (MUN1), MU plus 5‰ NAM (MUN2), and MU plus 7.5‰ NAM (MUN3). Our results showed that, compared to that of MU treatment, MUN2 and MUN3 delayed the appearance time of NH4+-N peak. Averaged across the whole wheat growing period, soil mineral N content for NAM treatments decreased by 5.3%-11.7%. From tillering to maturity stage, MBN mineralization and mineralization rates were 38.96 mg·kg-1 and 91.5%, which was higher than that of U treatment; MBN mineralization and mineralization rates for MUN1, MUN2 and MUN3 treatments were 58.73 mg·kg-1, 83.3%, 94.20 mg·kg-1, 94.6%, 104.46 mg·kg-1 and 96.3%, respectively. The FA mineralization release for NAM treatments were higher by 2.83-9.19 mg·kg-1 than that of MU treatment. The results of path analysis showed that NAM addition weakened the direct effect of soil NH4+-N pool on NO3--N pool but enhanced the indirect effects of FN pool on NO3--N pool through affecting NH4+-N pool. The wheat grain yields of the MUN1, MUN2 and MUN3 treatments were significantly higher by 31.6%, 21.5% and 22.9% than that of MU treatment. Nitrogen use efficiencies were increased by 8.1%, 13.5% and 3.1%, respectively. In summary, through double regulation for N release and transformation in soil, NAM delayed the appearance time of soil NH4+-N peak and retarded its transformation into NO3--N, and increased the roles of MBN and FN in supplying N, thereby increased crop yield and N-fertilizer use efficiency.采用冬小麦盆栽试验,探讨掺混氮肥(缓释肥N∶普通尿素N=1∶1)配施氮肥抑制剂NAM对冬小麦土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮和固定态铵含量及小麦产量、氮肥利用率的影响,分析不同处理土壤矿质氮库、微生物生物量氮库和固定态铵库的动态变化特征.试验共设6个处理,不施氮肥(CK)、普通尿素(U)、掺混氮肥(MU)、MU+2.5‰NAM(MUN1)、MU+5‰NAM(MUN2)和MU+7.5‰NAM(MUN3).结果表明:与MU处理相比,MUN2和MUN3处理推迟了NH4+-N峰值出现的时间;小麦整个生长季,添加NAM处理的土壤矿质氮平均含量比MU处理下降了5.3%～11.7%;分蘖期至抽穗期,MU处理的微生物生物量氮矿化量和矿化率分别为38.96 mg·kg-1和91.5%,均高于U处理,而MUN1、MUN2和MUN3处理分别为58.73 mg·kg-1和83.3%、94.20 mg·kg-1和94.6%、104.46 mg·kg-1和96.3%,添加NAM处理固定态铵的释放量比MU处理提高了2.83~9.19 mg·kg-1.通径分析结果显示,与MU处理相比,添加NAM减弱了土壤NH4+-N库对NO3--N库的直接影响,增强了固定态铵库通过影响NH4+-N库对NO3--N库的间接作用.同时,MUN1、MUN2和MUN3处理的小麦籽粒产量较MU处理分别提高了31.6%、21.5%和22.9%,氮肥利用率分别提高了8.1%、13.5%和3.1%.综上,配施NAM通过对氮素释放及在土壤中转化的双重调控,延迟土壤NH4+-N峰值出现的时间及后续向NO3--N的转化,提高微生物生物量氮和固定态铵的供氮作用,从而提高了作物产量和氮肥利用率.
With many years of research, color ink-jet printing technology has reached the requirements of color ink-jet printing. The significance of this experiment is to find a suitable method to improve the quality of color ink-jet printing paper. In this work, the dispersion effect and types of sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) on nano-SiO 2 solution are discussed, and the most suitable PAAS dosage is selected. When the dosage of PAAS is 8%, the dispersibility of nano-SiO2 solution is much better, with an average color density of 1.60, a gloss of 59% and an ink absorption value of 10.2 cm. Adhesives also have a great influence on color ink-jet printing paper. When the amount of PVA is 30% of nano-SiO 2 , the average color density is 1.62. Glossiness and ink absorption are also the best.
Reference method noise is one of the important factors which affects the accuracy and the precision of NIR predicted values. In this paper, noise was deliberately and artificially added to the reference data of hemicelluloses content of Acacia spp. in four different ways, namely adding absolute error, relative error, random absolute error or random relative error. The effect of the addition of different error to the reference data on NIR calibration models and their prediction results were studied. Although the results of calibration models were very poor when different errors were added to the reference data, using the resulting model to predict values for unknown samples to which errors were not added, resulted in predictions that were better than expected, especially for addition of random absolute error and random relative error condition. The results indicate that the NIR calibration models produce predicted values that are acceptable if the noise is not too large.
Objective To observe the clinical effect of Hoydrocoll on treating Ⅰ°~Ⅱ°bedsore.Methods Twenty-three patients with Ⅰ°~Ⅱ°bedsore in emergency room from May 2004 to January 2005 were divided into group A and group B.Group A was treated by dress-change with Hoydrocoll.Group B was treated by dress-change with traditional method.The recovery of bedsore was observed in the two groups.Results The healing rate of stage Ⅱ and total healing rate in group A with Hoydrocoll were higher than those in group B with traditional method(P0.01 or P0.05).The excellence time,healing time and the frequency of dress changing of group A were less than those of group B(P0.01).Conclusion The clinical effect of Hoydrocoll on curing Ⅰ°~Ⅱ°bedsore is remarkable.It is one of the ideal wound healing products.
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