Malware attacks are a serious threat to computer systems, making malware detection an important field of cybersecurity research. Particularly when it comes to detecting novel and unidentified types of malware, traditional approaches to malware detection have limits in terms of accuracy and efficacy. This study introduces a cutting-edge advanced neural network model for malware detection, achieving over 99.96% accuracy on test data through meticulous optimization. Emphasizing feature engineering and model configuration using RMSprop optimizer, the research highlights their pivotal roles in enhancing performance. Further fine-tuning with Stochastic Gradient Descent ensures the model's resilience. This work not only contributes a formidable tool to the cybersecurity arsenal but also points towards future improvements, emphasizing data diversity, advanced feature engineering, and continuous model updates for effective threat combat in a rapidly changing landscape.
A 120-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary requirement of phosphorus for Indian major carp, catla (Catla catla) fingerlings. Four hundred and eighty fingerlings (mean body weight: 4.23±0.87 g) were randomly distributed among eight treatment groups with three replicates each. Eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric semi-purified diets (crude protein: 35% and crude lipid: 8.5%) were formulated with graded levels of phosphorus using KH2PO4 (T1: control, 0.1%; T2: 0.3%; T3: 0.5%; T4: 0.7%; T5: 0.9%; T6: 1.1%; T7: 1.3%; T8: 1.5%) and fed to the respective groups. Twenty fish were stocked in 150 L plastic tanks and fed to apparent satiation twice a day. Specific growth rate (SGR) significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing dietary phosphorus concentration from 0.73% to 1.27%, after which there was a slight decline in growth at 1.1% available phosphorus (aP) and remained constant thereafter. The quadratic broken-line model based on growth was Y=317.5−581(0.64−x) (0.64−x); R2=0.73. Moisture and crude protein contents of whole body were similar among all the treatments. However, the ether extract in T1 group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than all the other treatments. The whole-body phosphorus content increased significantly (P<0.05) with an increase in phosphorus in the diets. The one-slope broken-line model based on whole-body phosphorus concentration was Y=4.07−1.63 (0.71−x); R2=0.48. The one-slope broken-line model for non-faecal phosphorus excretion as inorganic phosphorus (Pi) for 24 h revealed a trend of Y=12.67+73.96 (x−0.6); R2=0.81. Minimum aP requirements based on weight gain (%), whole-body phosphorus content and phosphorus excretion were 0.64%, 0.71% and 0.6%, respectively. Hence, the dietary aP requirement of catla fingerlings ranges from 0.6% to 0.71%.
Abstract A study was conducted to determine the benefits of the intake of purple corn extract ( PCE ), a natural source of anthocyanins, in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss . A control or test diet supplemented with 5% PCE was fed to triplicate tanks with 25 fish each for 8 wk. The concentrations of three anthocyanins, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside, and peonidin‐3‐glucoside, were measured in PCE . The chemical composition and fatty acid profiles of fish, as well as the fatty acid profiles in plasma, liver, and muscle were determined. The total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) and the concentration of oxidative damage biomarkers, for example, protein carbonyls, 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ), were determined in plasma. Transcription of two antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase 1 ( gpx1 ) and superoxide dismutase 1 ( sod1 ), was measured in erythrocytes. Significant lower adiposity and significant higher percentage of total n‐3 and total n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) in the body of fish fed the test diet were detected. Significant higher plasma percentage of total n‐3 PUFA , significant higher plasma TAC , and significant higher expression of gpx1 in erythrocytes of fish fed the test diet were measured. Overall, our results suggest potential protection against in vivo lipid peroxidation in fish fed the PCE supplemented diet. This is especially true due to detection of an enhanced antioxidant protection in plasma and erythrocytes in fish, the reduced adiposity and greater proportion of total n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA in the fish body, as well as a tendency toward lower TBARS plasma concentration in fish fed the test diet when compared to the control group.
A feeding trial was conducted with juvenile rainbow trout (15–16 g initial weight) to assess the effects of including single-cell protein (SCP) produced from Methylobacterium extorquens in trout feeds. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were produced: a control diet and two experimental diets containing 5% or 10% bacterial protein meal replacing soybean meal. Triplicate tanks, each containing 35 fish, were fed each diet to apparent satiation in a constant-temperature (15°C), flow-through tank system for 12 weeks. No statistically significant differences in final fish weight or other fish growth parameters were observed. Similarly, feed efficiency parameters showed no significant differences among groups. Nutrient retention indices (protein, fat, energy) were relatively high and similar among fish in each dietary treatment group, as were whole body proximate compositions. Fish survival was high, with a small but statistically significant increase for the 10% SCP diet. Overall, results demonstrate that SCP from M. extorquens is a safe and effective alternative protein for rainbow trout diets at the low inclusion levels tested. Slightly lower weight gain in fish fed the 10% SCP diet was largely due to lower feed intake, suggesting that adding palatability-enhancing ingredients to feeds may allow higher levels of M. extorquens SCP to be used without compromising fish growth.
Five iso-nitrogenous (300 g crude protein kg−1 diet) semi-purified diets with graded levels of carbohydrate at 220 (D-1), 260 (D-2), 300 (D-3), 340 (D-4) and 380 (D-5) g kg−1 diet were fed ad libitum to Puntius gonionotus fingerlings (average weight 0.59±0.01 g) in triplicate groups (20 fish replicate−1) for a period of 90 days to determine the effect of the dietary carbohydrate level on the growth, nutrient utilization, digestibility, gut enzyme activity and whole-body composition of fish. Fifteen flow-through cement tanks of 100 L capacity with a flow rate of 0.5 L min−1 were used for rearing the fish. The maximum weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, RNA:DNA ratio, whole-body protein content, protease activity, protein and energy digestibility and minimum feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found in the D-2 group fed with 260 g carbohydrate kg−1 diet. The highest protein and energy retention was also recorded in the same group. However, from the second-order polynomial regression analysis, the maximum growth and nutrient utilization of P. gonionotus fingerlings was 291.3–298.3 g carbohydrate kg−1 diet at a dietary protein level of 300 g kg−1 with a protein/energy (P/E) ratio of 20.58 −20.75 g protein MJ−1.
A 30- day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected sources of inorganic phosphorus in a diet compounded for juvenile Penaeus indicus. The phosphorus sources tested were calcium phosphate dibasic, sodium phosphate
monobasic, potassium phosphate monobasic and a mixture of calcium phosphate dibasic and potassium phosphate monobasic in the ratio 1:1. Ihe efficacy ol the diets was evaluated in terms of weight gain, food conversion ratio (FCR), apparent feed
digestibility coefficient and apparent phosphorus digestibility. No significant differences were observed among the treatments (P>0.05) in the response parameters recorded.
However the best specific growth rate (4.05+ 0.32), apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the diet (93.58± 2.05) and apparent digestibility of phosphorus (ADP) (55.08±2.05) were recorded for shrimps fed the diet supplemented with sodium
phosphate monobasic. but the best FCR (2.00 ± 0.33) was observed with the diet supplemented with a mixture of calcium phosphate dibasic and potassium phosphate monobasic in the ratio 1:1. The present study suggests that a diet containing good quality ingredients with sufficient available P (0.81 %) as in the control diet (diet-1) is adequate to promote survival, growth and phosphorus retention in juvenile P. indicus. However if a supplement source of P is required sodium phosphate monobasic is recommended in the diet as it provided the best response when incorporated in the diet in the tested salinity (17-19 ppt).
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of algal meal incorporated diets on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Control diet (Diet 1) for the study was formulated with rice bran, groundnut oil cake (GNOC) and soybean meal. Six iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous test diets (Diets 2 to 7) were prepared by incorporating (@40%) one of the four microalgae viz., Anabaena cylindrical (AN; Nostoc salbasa (NS); Spirulina platensis (SP) and Westiellopsis prolifica (WS) or with an algal meal mixture containing the above four algae plus the macroalgal species viz., Gracilaria edulis (GE) and Enteromorpha intestinalis (EI) mixed in equal proportions along with sunflower oil and cod liver oil (by totally replacing rice bran, GNOC and soyabean meal of the control diet) (AMM+O diet, Diet 6) and AMM without addition of oils served as AMM diet (Diet 7). The algal meal supplemented diets were tested against a control diet to find out their suitability for culture of tilapia fingerlings. The fish (av. wt. 2.8 ± 0.4 g) were fed up to satiation for 56 days at 28±20C. Significant (p<0.05) enhancement in growth was observed with AN (565.2%) diet followed by SP (500%) and WS (400%) compared to control (402.3%). The AN diet showed best performance in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and specific growth rate (SGR) while AMM diet showed least efficiency. Fish fed with SP diet showed better apparent net protein utilisation (ANPU%) as compared to other diets. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the liver and muscle decreased while monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids increased over their respective initial values in all the dietary groups except in groups fed with AMM+O and AMM. The n-6 level of liver and muscle increased with SP diets. Substantial increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) in fish fed with WS emphasised the benefits of its use as dietary ingredients for tilapia. The results clearly indicated that algae like AN and SP incorporated in tilapia diet significantly enhance growth and carcass protein, whereas WS helps to improve the levels of the essential n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).
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