ABSTRACT We analyzed gene expression in marine and freshwater bacterioplankton communities by the direct retrieval and analysis of microbial transcripts. Environmental mRNA, obtained from total RNA by subtractive hybridization of rRNA, was reverse transcribed, amplified with random primers, and cloned. Approximately 400 clones were analyzed, of which ∼80% were unambiguously mRNA derived. mRNAs appeared to be from diverse taxonomic groups, including both Bacteria (mainly α- and γ- Proteobacteria ) and Archaea (mainly Euryarchaeota ). Many transcripts could be linked to environmentally important processes such as sulfur oxidation ( soxA ), assimilation of C1 compounds ( fdh1B ), and acquisition of nitrogen via polyamine degradation ( aphA ). Environmental transcriptomics is a means of exploring functional gene expression within natural microbial communities without bias toward known sequences, and provides a new approach for obtaining community-specific variants of key functional genes.
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that appears when the heart either is unable to sustain a sufficient cardiac output or can only do so at the cost of an increased filling pressure. Hyponatremia is poor prognostic sign. Objective: To determine the frequency of in-hospital mortality in hyponatremic patients hospitalized for heart failure at National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (N.I.C.V.D) Karachi. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Cardiology, NICVD, Karachi, Pakistan from 1st March 2018 to 31st August 2018. All patient who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled and consent was taken. All the patients were managed according to guidelines and followed during hospital stay for in-hospital mortality. Data were collected in proforma. Results: The in-hospital mortality was 13(9.09%). Lower admission serum sodium was associated with high mortality. Conclusions: Patients hospitalized with heart failure frequently had hyponatremia, which was linked to greater in-hospital mortality. Severe hyponatremic patients have worse clinical outcomes
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMarine Natural Products: 3-Formylindole from the Red Algae Botryocladia leptopodaShaheen Bano, Nasreen Bano, Viqar Uddin Ahmad, Mustafa Shameel, and Shahid AmjadCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1986, 49, 3, 549Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 May 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50045a038https://doi.org/10.1021/np50045a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views106Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ABSTRACT We analyzed the phylogenetic compositions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the β subclass of Proteobacteria from 42 Southern Ocean samples. We found a Nitrosospira -like 16S rRNA gene sequence in all 20 samples that yielded PCR products (8 of 30 samples from the Ross Sea and 12 of 12 samples from the Palmer Peninsula). We also found this sequence in Arctic Ocean samples, indicating a transpolar, if not global, distribution; however, slight differences between Arctic and Antarctic sequences may be evidence of polar endemism.
A new, quick and economical decolorization assay based upon the generation of a radical cation made from promethazine hydrochloride (PMZH) is described for screening of antioxidant activity of plants/herbal extracts. PMZH radical cations, produced through a reaction between PMZH and potassium persulfate (K(2)S(2)O(8)) in phosphoric acid medium, have maximum absorption at 515 nm in their first-order derivative spectrum. Theconcentrations of chromagen and K(2)S(2)O(8) were optimized (final concentration of PMZH and K₂S₂O₈ were 0.166 mM and 0.11 mM, respectively) for better stability and sensitivity of the radical cation produced. Agood linear correlation was found between the percentage inhibition and the increasing amounts of standard antioxidants, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.989 to 0.999. The newly developed assay was employed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Citrullus colocynthes L. and Artemisia absinthium extracts. The proposed assay involved a more stable radical cation and required only 1 h for preparation of a working solution in comparison to the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorizaion assay, which was reported to be less sensitive at low pH and almost 12-16 h were required for preparation of a working ABTS solution. Other assays employed to evaluate the antioxidant potential andradical-scavenging capacities of the extracts were the ferric-reducing antioxidant power, 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, total phenolic contents assay, total flavonoid contents and metal-chelating activity assays, and the lipid peroxidation value in linoleic acid emulsion systems. The results indicate that boththe plants have potent free radical-scavenging activity and the ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and radical chain reactions.
Summary Withania somnifera is an ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant whose immunomodulatory activities have been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments. We recently observed immunostimulatory properties in the root extracts of chemotypes NMITLI‐101, NMITLI‐118, NMITLI‐128 and pure withanolide, withaferin A. In the present study, we evaluated the potential immunoprophylactic efficacies of these extracts against an infective pathogen. Our results show that administration of aqueous ethanol extracts (10 mg/kg) and withaferin A (0·3 mg/kg), 7 days before and after challenge with human filarial parasite Brugia malayi , offers differential protection in Mastomys coucha with chemotype 101R offering best protection (53·57%) as compared to other chemotypes. Our findings also demonstrate that establishment of B. malayi larvae was adversely affected by pretreatment with withaferin A as evidenced by 63·6% reduction in adult worm establishment. Moreover, a large percentage of the established female worms (66·2%) also showed defective embryogenesis. While the filaria‐specific immunological response induced by withaferin A and NMITLI‐101 showed a mixed Th1/Th2 phenotype, 118R stimulated production of IFN‐γ and 128R increased levels of IL‐4. Taken together, our findings reveal potential immunoprophylactic properties of W. somnifera , and further studies are needed to ascertain the benefits of this plant against other pathogens as well.
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