Today's cutting tool research activities are concentrated on improving the properties of tools by optimizing manufacturing technologies and tool geometries, by alloying special cutting materials, and by coating tools. During dry drilling of tempered steel the wear mechanisms of (Ti 1−x Al x )N coated WC carbide tools were investigated. Effects of coating composition, sputter technologies (magnetron sputter ion plating and high ion sputtering), and substrate machining on cutting performance were examined. Topics considered include influences of surface properties of wc carbides on film adhesion and effects on wear behaviour. Residual stress measurements and SEM images were used for characterization of surface properties. Film adhesion was analysed by scratch and indentation tests. Because of increasing interfacial strength of microblasted tools, superior wear behaviour in dry machining was observed. The best wear resistance during dry drilling of tempered steel was found for (Ti,Al)N compositions of high microhardness (Al/Ti ratio of about 1).
'/%3e%3cpath d='m221.969 53.125-5.156 9.656 5.156 9.625 5.156-9.625-5.156-9.656zm0 24.375-5.156 9.625 5.156 9.656 5.156-9.656-5.156-9.625zm-18.382-2.547 8.132 5.156 8.105-5.156-8.105-5.156-8.132 5.156zm20.526 0 8.106 5.156 8.131-5.156-8.131-5.156-8.106 5.156z'/%3e%3ccircle cx='221.969' cy='75.069' r='3.906'/%3e%3ccircle cx='221.969' cy='100' r='10.455'/%3e%3cpath fill='none' stroke-width='1.5' d='M219.344 89.875c0 3.114-.022 4.924-.031 6.625-2.52.112-5.006.377-7.438.781m20.188 0a62.126 62.126 0 0 0-7.438-.781v-6.625m-12.781 12.688a61.391 61.391 0 0 1 10.125-.844c3.45 0 6.83.293 10.125.844'/%3e%3cpath d='M211.75 117.688c-.992 17.082-3.009 34.479-9.656 47.124l10.812-4.375c3.777-14.328 4.57-32.842 5.719-41.593l-6.875-1.156zm20.438 0-6.875 1.156c1.148 8.75 1.942 27.265 5.718 41.594l10.813 4.375c-6.648-12.646-8.665-30.043-9.656-47.125z'/%3e%3cpath d='M221.953 154.688c-12.913 0-22.399 6.086-22.969 21.593-3.156-5.555-16.51-23.025-28.968-20.687-7.41 1.39-13.957 11.666-12.844 23.437-6.135-17.63-24.107-20.519-37.219-10.094 11.642 9.573 16.821 37.835 26.625 50.094h150.75c9.804-12.259 15.014-40.521 26.656-50.094-13.112-10.425-31.083-7.536-37.218 10.094 1.113-11.771-5.466-22.047-12.875-23.437-12.459-2.338-25.781 15.132-28.938 20.687-.57-15.507-10.086-21.594-23-21.594z'/%3e%3cg stroke-width='1.5'%3e%3cpath fill='%23000' d='M297.107 219.026c0 5.58-33.662 11.718-75.138 11.718-41.476 0-75.138-6.137-75.138-11.718s33.662-8.502 75.138-8.502c41.476 0 75.138 2.92 75.138 8.502z'/%3e%3ccircle cx='221.969' cy='114.445' r='3.504'/%3e%3ccircle cx='221.969' cy='122.027' r='3.734'/%3e%3ccircle cx='221.969' cy='130.184' r='4.079'/%3e%3ccircle cx='221.969' cy='139.261' r='4.653'/%3e%3ccircle cx='221.969' cy='149.371' r='5.113'/%3e%3cpath fill='%23000' stroke='none' d='M219.938 159.206c-.553-.007-1.076.459-.938 1.344.163 1.043.367 2.995.563 4.312.22 1.493 1.09 1.13 1.312-.031.221-1.161.132-1.906.188-4.063.027-1.078-.573-1.555-1.125-1.562zm4.062 0c-.553.007-1.153.484-1.125 1.562.055 2.157-.034 2.902.188 4.063.22 1.161 1.091 1.524 1.312.031.195-1.317.4-3.269.563-4.312.138-.885-.385-1.351-.938-1.344zm-7.687.562c-.506.07-1.03.58-1 1.125.055.996.33 2.19.437 3.688.11 1.548 1.202.947 1.313.062.11-.884.235-2.192.125-3.906-.042-.643-.323-.925-.657-.969a.842.842 0 0 0-.218 0zm11.093 0c-.334.043-.615.326-.656.97-.11 1.713.015 3.02.125 3.905.11.885 1.202 1.486 1.313-.062.107-1.499.382-2.692.437-3.688.03-.544-.494-1.054-1-1.125a.842.842 0 0 0-.219 0zm-15.437 1.75c-.463.12-.889.677-.75 1.313.276 1.272.531 2.678.531 3.969 0 1.106.945.711 1-.063a59.74 59.74 0 0 0 .156-3.906c0-1.115-.474-1.432-.937-1.313zm19.687 0c-.329.091-.625.477-.625 1.313 0 1.493.102 3.132.157 3.906.055.774 1 1.169 1 .063 0-1.291.254-2.697.53-3.97.14-.635-.286-1.192-.75-1.312a.551.551 0 0 0-.312 0zm-59.093.171c-.555-.018-.943.734-.563 1.563.608 1.327 1.254 2.165 1.875 3.594.553 1.271 1.401.478 1.125-.407-.277-.884-.577-1.87-1.406-3.75-.311-.705-.699-.989-1.031-1zm98.812 0c-.332.011-.72.295-1.031 1-.83 1.88-1.13 2.866-1.406 3.75-.277.885.571 1.678 1.125.407.62-1.43 1.266-2.267 1.875-3.594.38-.83-.009-1.581-.563-1.563zm-94.812.063c-.408.124-.656.642-.407 1.25.498 1.216 1.217 2.463 1.719 3.781.442 1.161 1.426.832 1.094-.219-.332-1.05-.43-1.665-1.094-3.656-.332-.995-.905-1.28-1.312-1.156zm90.5 0c-.35.074-.752.41-1 1.156-.664 1.99-.763 2.606-1.094 3.656-.332 1.05.651 1.38 1.094.22.502-1.319 1.22-2.566 1.718-3.782.25-.608.002-1.126-.406-1.25a.592.592 0 0 0-.312 0zm-85.5.969c-.515.097-.913.882-.563 1.843.443 1.217 1.072 2.368 1.625 3.75.553 1.383 1.471 1.104 1.25.22-.221-.886-.492-2.352-1.156-4.563-.29-.968-.757-1.327-1.156-1.25zm80.812 0c-.4-.077-.866.282-1.156 1.25-.664 2.211-.935 3.677-1.156 4.562-.222.885.696 1.164 1.25-.219.553-1.382 1.182-2.533 1.625-3.75.35-.961-.049-1.746-.563-1.843zm-93.187.687c-.557.057-1.065.965-.72 1.656.554 1.106.904 1.483 1.438 2.657.553 1.216 1.159.274.938-.5-.222-.775-.505-1.676-.781-2.782-.203-.81-.541-1.065-.875-1.03zm105.562 0c-.334-.034-.672.221-.875 1.031-.276 1.106-.56 2.007-.781 2.782-.222.774.384 1.716.937.5.534-1.174.884-1.55 1.438-2.657.345-.69-.162-1.599-.719-1.656zm-67.031 2.798c-.584 0-1.208.774-1 1.5.331 1.161.844 2.19 1.219 3.687.331 1.327 1.274.666 1.218-.218-.055-.885-.207-2.089-.593-3.97-.146-.704-.494-.999-.844-1zm28.5 0c-.35 0-.699.295-.844 1-.387 1.88-.538 3.084-.594 3.969-.055.884.887 1.545 1.219.218.374-1.496.887-2.526 1.219-3.687.207-.726-.416-1.5-1-1.5zm-14.25 1.187c-.72 0-.819.966-.844 1.75-.083 2.572-1.15 5.069-2.062 6.313-.913 1.244-2.256.913-3.5.25-1.245-.664-1.986-1.16-3.313-2.156-1.327-.996-2.334-.414-.75 1.843 4.617 6.58 9.625 12.205 9.625 22.938 0 1.388.242 1.812.844 1.812.601 0 .875-.424.875-1.812 0-10.733 4.976-16.357 9.594-22.938 1.583-2.257.577-2.839-.75-1.843-1.327.995-2.069 1.492-3.313 2.156-1.244.663-2.588.994-3.5-.25-.913-1.244-1.98-3.741-2.062-6.313-.026-.784-.125-1.75-.844-1.75zm-35.281-1.61a.6.6 0 0 0-.188.031c-.269.085-.448.41-.344.97.186 1.001.88 2.966 1.157 3.905.276.94 1.432.74 1.156-.53-.277-1.273-.262-1.657-.594-3.095-.181-.786-.747-1.269-1.187-1.28zm70.562 0c-.44.012-1.006.495-1.187 1.281-.332 1.438-.318 1.822-.594 3.094-.277 1.272.88 1.472 1.156.531.276-.94.97-2.904 1.156-3.906.104-.56-.075-.884-.343-.969a.6.6 0 0 0-.188-.03zm-91.531.406c-.579.046-.994.773-.406 1.844.633 1.157 1.72 2.608 2.218 3.438.498.829 1.359.27.75-.782-.608-1.05-.812-2.257-1.531-3.75-.27-.56-.684-.777-1.031-.75zm112.5 0c-.348-.027-.762.19-1.031.75-.72 1.493-.924 2.7-1.532 3.75-.608 1.051.253 1.61.75.782.498-.83 1.585-2.281 2.219-3.438.588-1.071.173-1.798-.406-1.844zm-144.188 3.33c-.668-.036-.877 1.17-.25 1.968.913 1.161 1.548 1.777 2.594 2.719.83.746 1.07-.222.656-.969-.414-.746-1.014-1.505-1.843-2.75-.455-.682-.853-.952-1.157-.969zm175.875 0c-.303.016-.701.286-1.156.968-.83 1.245-1.43 2.004-1.844 2.75-.414.747-.173 1.715.657.969 1.046-.942 1.68-1.558 2.593-2.719.627-.798.418-2.004-.25-1.969zm-170.843 1c-.533.006-.884.4-.47 1.312.595 1.306 1.378 2.786 1.876 3.781.497.995 2.014 1.33 1.406-.219-.608-1.548-.728-2.343-1.281-3.78-.277-.72-1-1.102-1.531-1.095zm165.812 0c-.532-.008-1.255.374-1.531 1.093-.553 1.438-.673 2.233-1.281 3.781-.609 1.549.908 1.214 1.406.22.498-.996 1.28-2.476 1.875-3.782.414-.913.063-1.306-.469-1.313zm-175.562.343c-.774.008-.84.784-.157 1.281.913.664 2 1.4 3.063 2.25 1.244.996 1.726.08 1.062-.75-.663-.829-1.31-1.67-2.968-2.5-.415-.207-.743-.284-1-.28zm185.312 0c-.258-.002-.585.074-1 .281-1.659.83-2.305 1.671-2.969 2.5-.663.83-.181 1.746 1.063.75 1.062-.85 2.15-1.586 3.062-2.25.684-.497.618-1.273-.156-1.28zm-109.656.719c-.433.06-.807.552-.625 1.187.331 1.161.708 2.392.937 3.594.222 1.162 1.565 1.176 1.344.125-.22-1.05-.332-2.365-.719-3.969-.145-.601-.448-.89-.75-.937a.637.637 0 0 0-.187 0zm33.812 0c-.301.047-.605.336-.75.937-.386 1.604-.498 2.919-.718 3.97-.222 1.05 1.122 1.036 1.343-.126.23-1.202.606-2.433.938-3.594.181-.635-.192-1.127-.625-1.187a.637.637 0 0 0-.188 0zm-63.906-1.985c-.34.094-.536.744-.281 1.656 1.41 5.06 1.842 7.724 1.594 8.969-.25 1.244-.932 1.414-1.844 1a18.844 18.844 0 0 1-2.813-1.594c-.829-.581-1.692.114-.5 1.094 6.055 4.976 10.252 10.664 11.875 17.562.332 1.41 1.218 1.576.969 0-1.372-8.69-1.636-15.833.438-20.312.779-1.684-.006-3.3-1.25-.563-.83 1.825-2.172 2.545-3.25.969-1.079-1.576-3.306-5.78-3.97-7.688-.248-.715-.555-1.046-.812-1.093a.354.354 0 0 0-.156 0zm94.031 0c-.256.047-.563.378-.812 1.093-.664 1.908-2.89 6.112-3.969 7.688-1.079 1.576-2.42.856-3.25-.969-1.244-2.737-2.03-1.12-1.25.563 2.074 4.479 1.81 11.622.438 20.312-.25 1.576.637 1.41.968 0 1.623-6.898 5.82-12.586 11.875-17.562 1.192-.98.33-1.675-.5-1.094-.829.58-1.9 1.179-2.812 1.594-.912.414-1.595.244-1.844-1-.249-1.245.184-3.91 1.594-8.97.254-.911.058-1.561-.281-1.655a.354.354 0 0 0-.157 0zm-124.468 2.422c-.547.007-1 .39-.75 1.22.398 1.328 1.223 2.764 1.5 3.593.276.83 1.165.442 1-.719-.166-1.16-.248-1.853-.47-3.125-.11-.636-.734-.976-1.28-.969zm155.062 0c-.546-.007-1.17.333-1.281.97-.222 1.271-.303 1.963-.469 3.124-.166 1.161.723 1.548 1 .719.276-.83 1.101-2.265 1.5-3.594.249-.83-.204-1.212-.75-1.219zm-136.281-1.735c-.635-.114-.727 1.524-.188 2.188.72.885 1.718 1.954 2.719 3.156.83.995 1.342.11.844-.719-.498-.83-1.236-1.711-2.563-3.812-.332-.526-.6-.775-.812-.813zm117.5 0c-.212.038-.48.287-.813.813-1.327 2.1-2.065 2.982-2.562 3.812-.498.83.014 1.714.844.719 1-1.202 2-2.271 2.718-3.156.54-.664.448-2.302-.187-2.188zm-132 3.954c-.394-.028-.729.292-.563 1.094.232 1.116.567 2.043.844 3.094.276 1.05 1 .87 1-.125 0-.996-.178-2.106-.344-3.157-.083-.525-.543-.878-.937-.906zm146.5 0c-.394.028-.855.381-.938.906-.166 1.051-.344 2.161-.343 3.157 0 .995.723 1.175 1 .125.276-1.051.612-1.978.843-3.094.166-.802-.168-1.122-.562-1.094zm-133.406 1.421c-.62.094-1.164.692-.438 1.625 1.161 1.493 2.432 2.54 2.875 3.094.442.553 1.563.349.844-.813-.735-1.186-1.846-2.615-2.344-3.5-.187-.331-.566-.462-.937-.406zm120.062 0c-.272.029-.548.158-.687.406-.498.885-1.61 2.314-2.344 3.5-.72 1.162.401 1.366.844.813.442-.553 1.713-1.601 2.875-3.094.725-.933.18-1.531-.438-1.625a.889.889 0 0 0-.25 0zm-140.719 4.173c-.488-.044-.657.35 0 1.25 1.493 2.046 3.14 5.142 3.25 6.469.111 1.327-.545 1.312-1.156 1.312-1.825 0-2.716-1.332-4.375-1.719-1.659-.387-1.9.486-.719 1.344 6.083 4.424 12.179 9.36 14.625 13.844.995 1.825 2.34 2.492 1.594.75-2.287-5.337-2.841-9.857-2.344-12.594.498-2.737 1.177-4.58 1.094-6.156-.083-1.576-.977-1.468-1.344 0-.249.995-.73 2.314-1.062 2.812-.332.498-1.666.777-2.938-.937-1.272-1.714-4.48-5.015-5.531-5.844-.394-.31-.8-.505-1.094-.531zm161.625 0c-.293.026-.7.22-1.093.531-1.051.83-4.26 4.13-5.532 5.844-1.272 1.714-2.606 1.435-2.937.937-.332-.498-.814-1.817-1.063-2.812-.367-1.468-1.26-1.576-1.343 0-.083 1.576.595 3.419 1.093 6.156.498 2.737-.056 7.257-2.343 12.594-.747 1.742.598 1.075 1.593-.75 2.447-4.485 8.543-9.42 14.625-13.844 1.181-.858.94-1.73-.718-1.344-1.66.387-2.55 1.72-4.375 1.72-.611 0-1.268.014-1.157-1.313.11-1.327 1.757-4.423 3.25-6.47.657-.9.489-1.293 0-1.25z'/%3e%3cpath d='m150.127 212.651 1.95 6.174m2.06-7.344 1.728 6.24m2.605-6.953 1.187 6.365m2.833-7.169 1.27 6.349m3.886-6.858 1.032 6.392m4.452-6.385 1.112 6.378m4.242-8.189.803 6.425m4.234-6.1.803 6.425m4.071-7.074.804 6.424m4.089-6.93.442 6.46m4.786-6.461.384 6.463m4.357-6.79.326 6.467m4.9-6.793.272 6.47m5.74-6.632.272 6.469m79.044.177-1.95 6.174m-2.06-7.344-1.729 6.24m-2.604-6.953-1.187 6.365m-2.833-7.169-1.27 6.349m-3.886-6.858-1.033 6.392m-4.452-6.385-1.112 6.378m-4.241-8.189-.804 6.425m-4.233-6.1-.804 6.425m-4.07-7.074-.804 6.424m-4.09-6.93-.441 6.46m-4.787-6.461-.383 6.463m-4.357-6.79-.327 6.467m-4.9-6.793-.271 6.47m-5.74-6.632-.272 6.469m-7.202-6.89v7.123'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)