We show the consistent interactions in the generalized electrodynamics gauge theory with higher derivative matter fields by means of the order reduction method.We deduce the BRST deformations in the reduced Lagrangian and using the equations of motion of the auxiliary fields in the antighost number zero part in the resulting deformed action, we are able to obtain the consistent coupling terms added into the original Lagrangian density which are compatible with the deformation master equations.We emphasize that the order of deformations is truncated at four and the corresponding higher-order deformations are equal to zero precisely.Moreover, the local Abelian gauge symmetry turns out to be non-Abelian after the deformation procedure.
The concentration of oxygen (O2) plays a crucial role in the metabolic respiration, maturation, and ripening processes of fruits. In this study, we propose a novel method for gas detection called light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES), which utilizes a quartz tuning fork (QTF) coated with a thin film of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. By creating a Schottky junction with silver electrodes on the surface of QTF, the photoelectric and thermoelastic effects were coupled by the CH3NH3PbI3-QTF, thereby enhancing the sensor's detection sensitivity. In addition, encapsulation was taken to ensure the long-term stability of the CH3NH3PbI3-QTF sensor. We applied the LITES technology to investigate O2 concentration during the storage and decay process of strawberries. By monitoring the fluctuations in O2 concentration, we were able to estimate the degree of strawberry decay. Our findings demonstrate that this low-cost, innovative technique holds promise for replacing conventional photodetectors and has a great potential to apply in studying gas exchange in food packaging and storaging.
A light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) gas detection method based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite-coated quartz tuning fork (QTF) was proposed. By coating CH3NH3PbI3 thin film on the surface of QTF, a Schottky junction with silver electrodes was formed. The co-coupling of photoelectric effect and the thermoelastic effect of CH3NH3PbI3-QTF results in a significant improvement in detection performance. The oxygen (O2) was select as the target analyte for measurement, and experimental results show that compared with the commercial standard QTF, the introduction of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite Schottky junction increases the 2f signal amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 105.66 times and 114.37 times, respectively. The minimum detection limit (MDL) of this LITES system is 260 ppm, and the corresponding normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) is 9.21 × 10−13 cm−1 ∙W ∙Hz−1/2. The Allan analysis of variance results indicate that when the average time is 564 s, the detection sensitivity can reach 83 ppm.
A light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) gas detection method based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite-coated quartz tuning fork (QTF) was proposed. By coating CH3NH3PbI3 thin film on the surface of ordinary QTF, a Schottky junction with silver electrodes was formed. The co-coupling of photoelectric effect and thermoelastic effect of CH3NH3PbI3-QTF results in a significant improvement in detection performance. The oxygen (O2) was select as the target analyte for measurement, and experimental results show that compared with the commercial standard QTF, the introduction of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite Schottky junction increases the 2f signal amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by ∼106 times and ∼114 times, respectively. The minimum detection limit (MDL) of this LITES system is 260 ppm, and the corresponding normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) is 9.21 × 10-13 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2. The Allan analysis of variance results indicate that when the average time is 564 s, the detection sensitivity can reach 83 ppm. This is the first time that QTF resonance detection has been combined with perovskite Schottky junctions for highly sensitive optical gas detection.
We show the consistent interactions in the generalized electrodynamics gauge theory with higher derivative matter fields by means of the order reduction method. We deduce the BRST deformations in the reduced Lagrangian and using the equations of motion of the auxiliary fields in the antighost number zero part in the resulting deformed action, we are able to obtain the consistent coupling terms added into the original Lagrangian density which are compatible with the deformation master equations. We emphasize that the order of deformations is truncated at four and the corresponding higher-order deformations are equal to zero precisely. Moreover, the local Abelian gauge symmetry turns out to be non-Abelian after the deformation procedure.
We give a canonical Hamiltonian analysis of Podolsky’s generalized electrodynamics by introducing two sets of new variables which help us transform the Lagrangian into an equivalent first-order formalism. After eliminating the unphysical sector, we calculate the physical degrees of freedom of the higher derivative system and obtain the Dirac brackets in the reduced phase space. Then with the aid of the first-class constraints, we construct the independent gauge generator which is closely connected with the BRST charge and the BRST-invariant Hamiltonian. Finally, by choosing appropriate gauge-fixing fermion, we evaluate the path integral of this higher derivative constrained system in BRST quantization scheme with the generalized Lorenz gauge condition.
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