Abstract. Drought events have been linked with the enhancements of organic aerosols (OA), but the mechanisms have not been comprehensively understood. This study investigates the relationships between the monthly standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and surface OA in the contiguous United States (CONUS) during the summertime from 1998 to 2019. OA under severe drought conditions shows a significant increase in mass concentrations across most of the CONUS relative to non-drought periods with the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Southeastern United States (SEUS) experiencing the highest average enhancement of 1.79 µg m−3 (112 %) and 0.92 µg m−3 (33 %), respectively. In the SEUS, a linear regression approach between OA and sulfate was used to estimate the isoprene epoxydiols derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX SOA), which is the primary driver of the OA enhancements under droughts due to the simultaneous increase of isoprene and sulfate. The rise of sulfate is mainly caused by the reduced wet deposition because of the up to 62 % lower precipitation amount. In the PNW, OA enhancements are closely linked to intensified wildfire emissions, which raise OA mass concentrations to be four to eight times higher relative to non-fire conditions. All ten Earth system models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) can capture the negative slopes between SPEI and OA in the PNW with CESM2-WACCM and GFDL-ESM4 performing the best and worst in predicting the OA enhancement under severe droughts. However, all models significantly underestimate the OA increase in the SEUS with Nor-ESM2-LM and MIRCO6 showing relatively better performance. This study reveals the key drivers of the elevated OA levels under droughts in the CONUS and underscores the deficiencies of current climate models in their predictive capacity for assessing the impact of future droughts on air quality.
Low-temperature specific heat (SH) is measured on the 1111-type CaFe0.88 Co0.12AsF single crystals under different magnetic fields. A clear SH jump with the height [Formula: see text] mJ mol-1 K-2 is observed at the superconducting transition temperature T c . The electronic SH coefficient [Formula: see text] increases linearly with the field below 5 T and a kink is observed around 5 T, indicating a multi-gap feature in the present system. Such a sign is also reflected in the T c - B data. A detailed analysis shows that this behavior can be interpreted in terms of a two-gap scenario with the ratio [Formula: see text]-4.5.
Ethosuximide is the first drug reported to protect against age-related hearing loss, but its benefits are hampered by the pronounced side effects generated through systemic administration. We prepared a thermosensitive hydrogel containing ethosuximide-encapsulated multivesicular liposomes (ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel) and evaluated its functional and histological effects on age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice. The MVLs-Gel showed slow sustained-release characteristics up to over 120 h. After 8 weeks of treatment, compared to the oral systemic administration of ethosuximide, intratympanic ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel injection dramatically reduced the loss of age-related spiral ganglion neurons in the apical turns of the mice (low-frequency regions, p < 0.05). Correspondingly, compared to the oral systemic administration group, the intratympanic ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel injection group showed significantly lower auditory brainstem response threshold shifts at stimulus frequencies of 4, 8, and 16 kHz (low-and middle-frequency regions, p < 0.05). In conclusion, intratympanic ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel injection can reach the apical turn of the cochlea, which is extremely difficult with oral systemic administration of the drug. The ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel, as a novel intratympanic sustained-release drug delivery system, attenuated age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice.
Narrowband emitters or absorbers based on LSPRs (Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances) in MIM structures have drawn increasing attention because of their filter-free character, small volume and low power consumption. However, the plasmonics community has slowly come to the consensus that the ohmic losses of the metals are simply too high to realize ultra-narrowband resonance. Recently, parallel coupling between the LSPR and the lattice diffraction has also been present in the metallic particle array, which shows greater tolerance to inhomogeneous environment and has greater potential in the far field emission applications. In this paper, the delocalized parallel coupling with ultra-narrowband is stimulated in the Coating-MIM structure, at mid-infrared. Besides, coating with hundreds of nanometers is employed to modulate the coupled efficiency. By inducing this ultra-narrowband resonance, MIM structures may extend their application area into ultra-high performance.
Strongly correlated electrons can display intriguing spontaneous broken symmetries in the ground state. Understanding these symmetry breaking states is fundamental to elucidating the various exotic quantum phases in condensed matter physics. Here, we report a pronounced spontaneous rotational symmetry breaking of the superconductivity at the interface of YAlO$_3$/KTaO$_3$ with superconducting transition temperature of 1.86 K and the thickness of superconducting layer as thin as 4.5 nm. Both the magnetoresistance and upper critical field under an applied in-plane magnetic field manifest striking asymmetric twofold oscillations deep inside the superconducting state, whereas the anisotropy vanishes in the normal state, demonstrating that it is an intrinsic property of the superconducting phase. We attribute this behavior to the mixed-parity superconducting state with a mixture of $s$-wave and $p$-wave pairing components induced by strong electron correlation and spin-orbit coupling inherent to the inversion symmetry breaking at the interface of YAlO$_3$/KTaO$_3$. Our work demonstrates the unconventional character of the pairing interaction in the KTaO$_3$ interface superconductor and sheds new light on the pairing mechanism of unconventional superconductivity with inversion symmetry breaking.
This letter reports a giant magnetocaloric effect (GMCE) in a novel series of materials based on the shape memory alloy Ni2MnGa. The origin of an enhanced GMCE is traced to the coincidence of a first-order magnetic transition and its attendant structural phase transition with a second-order magnetic transition. This coincidence is achieved by careful compositional tuning and is a technique which provides a criterion for enhancing the GMCE in this system. Thus, for Ni55.2Mn18.6Ga26.2, we report an entropy change ?Sm = ?20.4?J?kg?1?K?1 at 317?K in a field of 5?T. This shape memory system also has the added advantage of being formed from inexpensive, non-toxic constituents. With a working temperature at and above room temperature, it appears to be a most promising candidate for practical room temperature magnetic refrigeration.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
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