An experimental site for the measurement of meteorological parameters in protected environment and the evaluation of the tomato cultivar variability is presented in this paper. The site was equipped with cultivation structures with different covering materials and calibrated sensors traceable to the International System of Units. The microclimate conditions were monitored by sensors for solar radiation (from 290 nm to 2800 nm), air temperature (from -10°C to 40°C) and relative humidity (from 10% RH to 98% RH) inside and outside the tunnels. Specific procedures were used to calibrate the instruments. The following aspects were evaluated: microclimate and solar radiation within different cultivations; morphological observations of the tomatoes in response to the different environments; optical and radiometric properties of the films used as covering material. High temperatures recorded (over 40°C) changed the transmissive feature of the films and consequently affected the growth, anthesis, leaf area index and fruit setting of tomatoes.
Al maestro, al amigo, al defensor incansable de la razon publica, esta semblanza autorizada y movedora de quien, como nosotros, lo acompano en su viaje. Sit tibi terra levis, Guillermo.
Droughts and floods caused by climate changes impoverish rural regions and as a consequence people leave rural areas, reinforcing existing migration trends in a downward cycle.Local people movements are the first effect of the climate changes, that modify the main environmental resources. In this framework, vulnerability and resilience analysis are sound tools to identify the most critical situations. In this work, the data obtained by a survey conducted by an NGO in three Ethiopian Woredas were the input for the incapacity to adapt calculation. The index mapping highlighted a critical situation especially in one of the three analyzed Woredas.
Farm tractors are still widely used in many forestry operations. Predicting fuel and lubricant costs is difficult because their consumption depends on a number of factors such as hours worked and operations performed. Fuel and lubricant consumption is important since it can have an impact at both the economic and environmental level. Many fuel models have been studied in the last decades, but few studies have focused on oil consumption. The ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) Standard suggested a model for predicting engine oil consumption of farm tractors of the 1980s, which are potentially different from modern tractor engines. In addition, the recent widespread application of semi- and full-power-shift and continuous variable transmissions and the high number of hydraulic applications increased the amount of lubrication oil for transmission and hydraulic systems.For these reasons, we analysed 133 4WD recent model farm tractors used in forest operations with the aim to study:Þ engine, transmission and hydraulic system oil capacitiesÞ engine oil change intervals as recommended by the manufacturers.A new equation for engine oil consumption, as a function of the rated engine power, was first used and statistically analysed. It was similar to the equation developed by other authors (with a mean difference of 28%, decreasing to 11% at the highest engine power), but well below the ASABE model (with an average engine oil consumption three times higher). Another equation of total oil consumption related to the rated engine power was then studied and compared with a recent study. The results showed an average difference of 18%, decreasing to 8% at the highest engine power. The differences, due to a different machine dataset (only 4WD farm tractors that can be used for forestry operations were analysed) are, however, minimal also in the engine oil consumption model if compared with the oldest ones: a new proposal is therefore necessary, with new and affordable models for correctly evaluating economic and environmental forestry operation costs when using farm tractors.
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the experiments which are being designed in the framework of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project at CERN. The design field of the CMS magnet is 4 T, the magnetic length is 12.5m and the free aperture is 6 m in diameter. This is achieved with a 4 layer and 5 module superconducting Al stabilized coil, resulting into 20 lengths of conductor of 2.5 km each, energized at a nominal current of 20 kA at 4.5 K. One of the unique features of this thin solenoid is an Al-stabilized conductor reinforced by an Al-alloy. An extensive characterization of mechanical properties at room temperature and 4.2 K has been carried out in order to define the most appropriate alloy and temper for the reinforcement. The effect of the coil curing cycle on the alloy properties has been taken into account. This paper summarizes the main results of these tests.