Abstract Context Recent epidemiological studies have shown increased risk of diabetes among childhood cancer survivors who received high therapeutic doses of radiation, particularly to the total body or to the abdomen. However, the effect of low-to-moderate dose radiation (<4 Gy) on the risk of diabetes is still unknown. Objectives To investigate the radiation effect on diabetes incidence among atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors, and whether the dose response is modified by other factors including city, sex, and age at time of bombing (ATB). Methods 9131 participants without diabetes at baseline were observed through biennial clinical exams from 1969 to 2015. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) to evaluate the dose response for diabetes incidence. Results During the study period, 1417 incident diabetes cases were identified. The overall crude incidence rate was 7.01/103 person-years. Radiation dose was significantly associated with diabetes incidence, with effect modification by city and age ATB. In Hiroshima, at ages 10 and 30 ATB, the HRs at 1 Gy of pancreatic radiation dose were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.31-1.66) and 1.13 (95% CI, 0.97-1.31), respectively. However, no significant radiation dose response was observed at these ages in Nagasaki. The HR for radiation dose was higher among those who were younger ATB and decreased 1% for each additional year of age. Conclusions Among A-bomb survivors, a radiation association was suggested for incidence of diabetes. Results were inconsistent by city and age ATB, which could indicate potential confounding of the radiation association with diabetes.
WHO's FRAX aims to identify bone-fracture high-risk individuals requiring medical intervention by calculating each individual's 10-year probability (%) of bone fracture based on clinical risk factors or clinical risk factors plus bone mineral density (BMD). The risk factors are age, sex, femoral neck mineral density, or body mass index (BMI) if BMD data are unavailable, history of bone fracture, parental history of femoral neck fracture, smoking, consumption of alcohol, use of steroids, rheumatoid arthritis, and secondary osteoporosis. Model with clinical risk factors alone can predict osteoporotic fracture risk as well as the model with BMD and clinical risk factors. FRAX with clinical risk factors alone would be useful to screen those at high risk of fracture in population-based health check-ups.
In recent years, the utilization of AIS and VHF is recognized as being effective for preventing collisions at sea. Although VHF communication is useful for seagoing navigation, research on the relation between VHF and Rules of the Roads in Japan is relatively scarce. This study considers the relation between VHF and Rules of the Roads through the analysis of collision case data.This results of this study showed clear VHF-communicated agreements which can lead to an easy departure from Rules of the Roads dangerous, and VHF must be used diligently and in careful agreement with the collision avoidance action. One of VHF communication's main strong points lies in its importance as a tool that informs mariners of other vessels in the vicinity. This study concludes that the use of VHF by mariners should not take avoidance action against Rules of the Roads.
imaging, systematic assessments of prevalence and outcome of such fracture have not been carried out. Most cases are reported as case series reports, with only a few epidemiological studies conducted to date. Yearly incidence of insufficiency fractures in the institutionalized elderly was reported to be approximately 0.84 per 100 patients [3]. In Japan, an observational study was conducted during 1998–2004 of patients in a long-term care facility. During the 6-year follow-up period, 18 patients, or 3.6% of 500 bedridden patients, suffered spontaneous insufficiency fracture. Fracture sites were femur (12), humerus (five) and proximal phalanx (one). All insufficient fractures occurred near joint contractures [4]. A 30-month prospective observation cohort study in France was conducted among nursing home residents aged 65 years and older. Prevalence of long bone insufficiency fracture was 1% among patients admitted to a long-term nursing home. Overall mortality after fracture at 2 months was 24%, with the poorest outcome observed in the shaft fracture group, which showed mortality of 54% at two months [5].
In two previous nation-wide surveys in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Japanese indoor radon concentrations increased in homes built after the mid 1970s. In order to ascertain whether this trend continued, a nation-wide survey was conducted from 2007 to 2010. In total 3,900 houses were allocated to 47 prefectures by the Neyman allocation method and 3,461 radon measurements were performed (88.7% success). The fraction of reinforced concrete / concrete block buildings was 32.4%, similar to the value from national statistics. Arithmetic mean (standard deviation, SD) and geometric mean (geometric SD) of radon concentration after adjusting for seasonal fluctuation were 14.3 (14.7) and 10.8 (2.1) Bq/m3. The corresponding population-weighted values were 13.7 (12.3) and 10.4 (2.0) Bq/m3, respectively. It was estimated that only 0.1% of dwellings exceed 100 Bq/m3, a new WHO reference level for indoor radon. Radon concentrations were highest in houses constructed in the mid 1980s and decreased thereafter. In conclusion, arithmetic mean indoor radon in the present survey was slightly lower than in previous surveys and significant reductions in indoor radon concentrations in both wooden and concrete houses can be attributed to alterations in Japanese housing styles in recent decades.
The Longitudinal Cohorts of Motor System Organ (LOCOMO) study was initiated in 2008 through a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan to integrate information from several cohorts estab- lished for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases. We integrated the information of 12,019 participants (3,959 men and 8,060 women) in the cohorts comprising nine communities located in Tokyo (two regions: Tokyo-1 and Tokyo-2), Wakayama (two regions: Wakayama-1 (moun- tainous region) and Wakayama-2 (seaside region)), Hiro- shima, Niigata, Mie, Akita, and Gunma prefectures. The baseline examination of the LOCOMO study consisted of an interviewer-administered questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, medical information recording, X-ray radiography, and bone mineral density measurement. The prevalence of knee pain was 32.7 % (men 27.9 %; women 35.1 %) and that of lumbar pain was 37.7 % (men 34.2 %; women 39.4 %). Among the 9,046 individuals who were surveyed on both knee pain and lumbar pain at the baseline examination in each cohort, we noted that the prevalence of both knee pain and lumbar pain was 12.2 % (men 10.9 %; women 12.8 %). Logistic regression analysis showed that higher age, female sex, higher body mass index (BMI), living in a rural area, and the presence of lumbar pain significantly influenced the presence of knee pain. Simi- larly, higher age, female sex, higher BMI, living in a rural area, and the presence of knee pain significantly influenced the presence of lumbar pain. Thus, by using the data of the
There are about 2,000 maritime experts in South Korea annually. but, high quality sailors avoid sailing on coastal ships. Korea is worried about the aging of coastal vessels and the increase in foreign sailors, as this points are. directly linked to shipping traffic problems that cannot be secured by the coastal sailors of good quality.
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