Abstract In this study the effect of three levels of vermicompost (0, 15 or 30 % V/Pot), two levels of biophosphate (treated and untreated) and two levels of azotobacter (treated and untreated) on content and constituents of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica was investigated. The Results showed that the essential oil content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) and its constituents were significantly affected by biofertilizer treatments. The highest essential oil content (0.74 %) obtained by the treatment of vermicompost (30 % V/Pot). Fifteen components identified in the oil of plants which fertilized by biofertilizers. The highest geranyl acetate content (61.1 %) of essential oil were obtained by the treatment of vermicompost (30 % v/Pot), while the highest geraniol content in essential oil (24.2 %) obtained by the treatment of vermicompost (15 % V/Pot) along with untreated biophosphate and highest geranial content of essenitial oil (18.2 %) obtained by the treatment of vermicompost (15 % V/Pot) along with untreated azotobacter. Vermicompost had a promoting influence on most of vegetative growth parameters and it has been led to make accumulation of essential oil, chemical constituents including total carbohydrate and photosynthetic pigments content.
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is one of the most important medicinal plants with different pharmacologic properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic, antitumor and antiangiogenic activities. Parthenolide (PN) is a main bioactive molecule in feverfew which belongs to sesquiterpene lactone compounds. Currently, the plant cell suspension has been used as a useful method to produce secondary metabolites (SMs) components. Meanwhile, the elicitor application is an effective strategy to induce the production of SMs in plants. The present study was conducted as two different experiments in cell suspension of feverfew. In the first experiment, the effects of explant (shoot and root), hormone (TDZ + NAA and TDZ + 2. 4-D) on cell dry weight for one month were investigated. In the second experiment, the effect of elicitor (namely, MJ, YE and Ag+) and the hormones after 24, 48 and 72 h on PN content was assessed. The result of the first experiment revealed that the simple effects and the interaction of hormone × explant were significant (P < 0.01) for cell dry weight. Growth rate analysis showed that shoot-derived cell suspension in 1 mg L−1 NAA + 0.5 mg L−1 TDZ treatment had the highest amount of cell dry weight 14 days after the culture. According to the second experiment, the highest PN content was obtained in cell suspension containing 0.5 mg L−1 2, 4-D + 0.1 mg L−1 TDZ with application of the YE + MJ elicitor after 48 h. The cell suspension treatment with each of the elicitors had a positive effect on the PN production. In conclusion, the application of combined elicitors in feverfew cell suspension culture can be used as an efficient tool for large-scale PN production.
Biofertilizer has been recognized as an alternative to chemical fertilizer to improve soil fertility and crop production in sustainable agriculture. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the effects of bio and chemical fertilizer on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Thymus kotschyanus Bioss. & Hohen. The experiment was conducted during 2019 at Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran, and treatments included control (no fertilizer), chemical fertilizer (NPK), and four types of microorganisms including Funneliformis mosseae (AMF), Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Pseudomonas stutzeri strain P-16, and Pseudomonas putida strain 41. The results showed that AMF and NPK positively affected plant height, number of branches per plant, and photosynthesis pigments contents compared to other treatments. However, maximum plants’ fresh and dry weight, proline, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH inhibition, essential oil percentage, and carvacrol quantity were obtained from plants that were inoculated with AMF. Also, the activities of Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were increased by the application of AMF. According to the obtained results, there were no significant differences in P concentration between plants treated with P. stutzeri, Pseudomonas putida, AMF, and NPK. Maximum N amount in T. kotschyanus leaf was obtained in plants treated with AMF, NPK and Azotobacter chroccucum. Plants inoculated with AMF had higher Ca uptake compared to the other treatments, and the maximum total K accumulation in T. kotschyanus were obtained in plants inoculated with AMF and NPK. Hence, the use of organic and biological inputs instead of chemical fertilizer for improving crop efficiency and quality with the aim of alleviating pollution and accomplishing sustainable agriculture is highly encouraging.
A new potassium persulfate redox system has been investigated for the graft polymerization of vinyl monomers. In this study potassium persulfate system was used for initiation the polymerization. Graft polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto starch (Sta) was carried out in aqueous solution using potassium persulfate (I) redox system. It was found that the percentage of grafting and rate of grafting were all dependent to some extent, on the concentration of the I, AN, Sta and Sta/ water as well as reaction time and temperature. The kinetics of the graft polymerization of AN onto Sta in aqueous solution was studied by Kjeldahl method (quantity and qualitative determination nitrogen content), and the kinetics of AN homopolymerization in the same system was studied by bromometry titration (residue monomer determination). The following rate expression (rate of graft polymerization and rate of homopolymerization) Rg=k⋅[AN] 1.185 ⋅[I] 0.499 ⋅[Sta] 0.497 and Rh=k⋅[AN] 1.359 ⋅[I] 0.436 were obtained and a suitable mechanism was suggested. The graft copolymer was investigated with an infrared spectroscope. The overall activation energy was found to be 56.95 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 40-65°C.
Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the influence of extraction method on the size, shape and morphology of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Silver nanoparticles were prepared by the aqueous and methanolic extracts of lemon balm. The properties of obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, SEM, XRD and FTIR techniques. The UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs by observing a distinct surface Plasmon resonance band around 450 nm. SEM images showed different shape, size and morphology of AgNPs using two different extracts types. AgNPs derived from the aqueous extract were rod-shaped with a diameter of 19 to 40 nm whereas spherical particles were synthesized by the methanolic extract found smaller with size distribution ranging from 13 to 35 nm. The XRD pattern indicated that AgNPs formed by the reduction of Ag + ions using methanolic extract of M. officinalis were crystal-like in nature. The functional groups of M. officinalis methanolic extract involved in synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs were investigated by FTIR. In addition, AgNPs-containing methanolic extract showed higher antioxidant activity. These particles exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against gram positive and negative bacteria and a fungus. The nanoparticles produced by the methanolic extract of the lemon balm showed antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The production of silver nanoparticles using plant extract is rapid, low cost and eco-friendly. Therefore, green chemistry is a good alternative to industrial production of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles can be used as an antiseptic to sterilize the surrounding area and the hospital wastes.
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