RM

Russell M. H. Kullman

Southern Regional Research Center

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Co-Authors

Robert M. Reinhardt

Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne

J. David Reid

University of Sheffield

J.G. Frick

Vienna General Hospital

Norton A. Cashen

Southern Regional Research Center

George F. Ruppenicker

Southern Regional Research Center

Harry B. Moore

Southern Regional Research Center

Wilson A. Reeves

Louisiana State University Agricultural Center

Sidney L. Vail

Louisiana State University

C.O. Graham

Southern Regional Research Center

A. G. Pierce

North Carolina State University

Cooperative Institutions

Southern Regional Research Center

Agricultural Research Service

Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Louisiana State University Agricultural Center

North Carolina State University

Sandvik (Sweden)

University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

Universität Hamburg

University of Sheffield

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Research Field

Crossliking Cotton in an Unheated Dehydrating Atmosphere

Textile Research Journal (1974)

Russell M. H. Kullman Robert M. Reinhardt

A new approach to the crosslinking of cotton was investigated. Finished fabrics with wrinkle resistance properties similar to those of damp cured fabrics were produced by treatments in which the curing operation takes place over an extended period of time in an unheated dehydrating atmosphere. The crosslinking reaction, which produces wrinkle resistance, is promoted by removal of water from the fabric by contact with dried air at room temperature. The in fluence of changes in various parameters of the treatment was explored. Dimethylol methyl carbamate, dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, and formaldehyde were used as crosslinking agents with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid as catalysts. In dehydration curing, deswelling of the fiber during reaction is evidently slow and not as complete as in conventional curing at high temperature.

Hydrochloric acid

10.1177/004051757404400105

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Citations (2)

Cross-Linking Etherified Cottons with Dimethylol Ethyleneurea

Textile Research Journal (1961)

Russell M. H. Kullman J.G. Frick Robert M. Reinhardt J. David Reid

The effects of cross-linking with dimethylol ethyleneurea on several etherified cotton fabrics—carboxymethylated, hydroxyethylated, methylated, and cyanoethylated cottons— were studied and compared with its effects on unmodified cotton. The effect of re placing cellulosic hydroxyl groups on the reactivity toward dimethylol ethyleneurea is dependent on the nature of the substituent and the swellability of the etherified fiber. Hydroxyethylated and methylated cottons exhibit greater cross-linking efficiency with dimethylol ethyleneurea than does unmodified cotton. High moisture regain in con junction with high wet and conditioned wrinkle recovery is possible with hydroxy ethylated cotton. Increased extensibility observed in etherified cottons is directly re lated to the alkali concentration used in the etherifying reaction. The rate of strength loss on cross-linking, with unit improvement in crease recovery, is greater for etherified cottons, except hydroxyethylated, than for unmodified cotton.

Reactivity

10.1177/004051756103101007

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Citations (14)

Catalytic Effects and Selective Hydrolysis of Dimethylol Ethyleneurea and Formaldehyde Crosslinks in Finished Cotton

Textile Research Journal (1974)

Robert M. Reinhardt Russell M. H. Kullman Ines V. deGruy

Chemical analyses, physical testing, and selective hydrolysis of the finished fabrics were used to determine differences in chemical structure that resulted from treatment of cotton with dimethylol ethyleneurea (DMEU), formaldehyde, and a mixture of the two with strong or moderate catalysts. The strong catalyst was hydroxymethanesulfonic acid, which was produced by reaction of sulfurous acid and free formaldehyde present in the pad bath. Magnesium chloride was the moderate catalyst used. From combinations of the data the number of crosslinks in the treated cottons was calculated. Stability to acidic hydrolysis indicated the nature of the structures present in the crosslinks. Electron micrographs from application of cupriethylenediamine hydroxide (cuene) solubility and layer expansion techniques provided additional evidence to support these findings. Results are in general agreement with present theories of crosslinking to give wrinkle resistance in cellulosic materials. In addition they furnish new information on the treatment of cotton with a combination of agents that exhibit different reactivities and different stabilities of the crosslinks introduced.

Sodium hydroxide

10.1177/004051757404400908

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Citations (9)

Corrosion properties of a 25Cr22Ni2Mo stainless steel.

Russell M. H. Kullman Steve Bukovinsky

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Citations (0)

Studies on the Distribution of Cross-Links in Wrinkle-Resistant Cottons

Textile Research Journal (1963)

Wilson A. Reeves Russell M. H. Kullman J.G. Frick Robert M. Reinhardt

The properties of untreated cotton, cotton acetylated to various degrees, and partially deacetylated cottons were examined before and after cross-linking treatments to obtain information on the distribution of cross-links in wrinkle-resistant cottons. The study showed that the cellulosic hydroxyl groups that are most reactive with dimethylol ethyleneurea are acetylated first. Similarly, deacetylation released the most reactive groups first. Electron micrographs showed that interlamellae cross-links (cross-links between growth layers) in the cotton fiber occur when there is improvement in dry crease recovery, but the interlamellae cross-links are not essential for improvement in wet crease recovery. Wet recovery (without dry) was imparted by intermicrofibril crosslinks.

Wrinkle

Cross-link

10.1177/004051756303300301

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Citations (25)

Catalytic Effects in the Reaction of Methylolamide Crosslinking Agents with Cellulose

Textile Research Journal (1976)

A. G. Pierce Robert M. Reinhardt Russell M. H. Kullman

A systematic study of pad-dry-cure finishing was conducted with several N-methylol type crosslinking agents and a wide variety of salt catalysts to determine what factors contribute to and control catalytic activity. Salts were chosen with various combinations of positive and negative ions to study most of the characteristics inherent in the periodic table in an effort to establish general trends that may be operative. Three important factors were used to assess catalytic activity: 1) rate of reaction, 2) maximum attainable extent of reaction (yield), and 3) minimum catalyst concentration necessary to achieve maximum extent of reaction. It was found that catalytic activity is a complex result of several contributing factors, including acidity and oxidation state of the cation, nature of the anion, ionic size and ionic mobility, hydrolysis reactions which the salts undergo in aqueous solution, covalent character, and temperature effects. Both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid mechanisms are concurrently operative to different extents with different catalysts.

10.1177/004051757604600606

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Citations (18)

Principles of Reactivity of Nitrogenous Agents with Cotton

Textile Research Journal (1970)

Sidney L. Vail Russell M. H. Kullman Wilson A. Reeves Robert H. Barker

A new approach to circumvent the direct relationship between the reactivity of N-methylol agents and hydrolysis rates of the cellulose derivatives under acidic conditions has been studied. To achieve a more durable product from a reactive agent with cellulose, an irreversible system was sought through incorporation of a suitable leaving group, such as acetoxy, to activate the agent. Reactivities of acetoxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, and methoxymethyl derivatives of N-methyl-2- imidazolidinone (MI), methyl carbamate (MC), and benzamide (B) have been compared under selected, acidic conditions. Reactivity contributed by carbonium-immonium ion stability is in the expected order (parent amide given) MI>>MC>B. Reactivity is significantly altered by the leaving group and is in the order acetoxy >> hydroxy >> methoxy. Substrates for reactivity studies included isopropanol, water, and cotton. Acetic acid released by reaction with these substrates and an acetoxy derivative had only a minor catalytic effect upon the reaction rate except in the fabric treatments carried out in the presence of magnesium chloride. Acetoxy-derivatives of similar polyfunctional agents are similarly activated as long as the acetoxy groups are isolated from one another; however, vicinal diacetoxy glyoxal resins appear to be of the same general order of reactivity as the corresponding dihydroxy derivatives. Use of these active agents in nonaqueous solvent systems is suggested and limitations for use in aqueous systems are discussed.

Reactivity

Carbonium ion

Hydroxymethyl

Leaving group

Amide

10.1177/004051757004000408

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Citations (9)

Air Permeability of Fabrics Made from Unique and Conventional Yarns

Textile Research Journal (1981)

Russell M. H. Kullman C.O. Graham George F. Ruppenicker

Air permeabilities for two woven fabric constructions having common warps but different filling yarns were measured. The filling yarns were produced by ring spinning, open-end spinning, core-wrapping with filament, and a no-twist process. Comparison of air permeabilities of the woven fabrics were made in the gray and bleached states. The effects of yarn structure, yarn twist, yarn crimp, and filament wrapping are discussed in relation to their effects on the air permeability of the two woven fabrics.

Crimp

Woven fabric

Fabric structure

10.1177/004051758105101207

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Citations (18)

Crosslinking of cyanoethylated cotton

Journal of Applied Polymer Science (1970)

J.G. Frick Russell M. H. Kullman Robert M. Reinhardt

Agricultural experiment station

10.1002/app.1970.070140724

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Citations (0)

Sulfonic Acids and Sulfonate Salts as Catalysts in Durable-Press Finishing

Textile Research Journal (1977)

Robert M. Reinhardt Russell M. H. Kullman

Catalysis by sulfonic acids and sulfonate salts has been investigated for producing durable-press properties in cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics. Several alkyl, substituted alkyl, and aromatic sulfonic acids, as well as certain metal, amine, and ammonium salts of the acids, were used as catalysts in a variety of treatments with N-methyloal amide cross-linking agents. The influences of the type of treatment employed, of the catalyst and its concentration, and of curing conditions on properties of the finished fabrics were determined. The acids provided strong catalysis at low concentrations. They were effective in conventional pad-dry-cure finishing, in finishing with curing at lower-than-usual temperatures, and in mild-cure finishing in the presence of some moisture. Sulfonate salts afforded more moderate catalysis than did the acids, although certain salts were surprisingly versatile. A range of catalytic activities was available among various salts of a given sulfonic acid or among a particular salt of various acids.

Sulfonic acid

Amide

10.1177/004051757704700305

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Citations (4)