Purpose. A postal questionnaire study to evaluate the current practice of cataract surgery delivery in the United Kingdom including strategies for postoperative review was performed. Methods. A cataract questionnaire was sent to all hospital departments delivering ophthalmic services in the United Kingdom based on a list from the Royal College of Ophthalmologists. It included questions about the staffing level, number of cases operated on per list, and the different strategies employed postoperatively. The results were statistically analyzed. Results. A total of 248 questionnaires were sent and 106 (43%) replies were received. The mean number of consultant teams was 11 (2–20). The average number of cases per list was 6–7 (range 4–9). In 65 hospitals, all patients are reviewed postoperatively in the hospital and some consultant teams review patients postoperatively in 18 hospitals. In 15 hospitals, patients were seen by the community optician. Most hospitals review their patients postoperatively within the first 3 weeks with more hospitals seeing them at 2–3 weeks. A wide variety of health professionals review the postoperative cases and they include doctors, nurses, and opticians (in house and community). Conclusions. There are varied practices for cataract surgery in the United Kingdom including the number of cases on the list and postoperative review protocols. There is room for better service organization in some hospitals in terms of patient flow and better use of medical staff time to improve output.
-1 ) to red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The grains of three varieties were ground and sieved through 80 mesh. Life history parameters, i.e., larval and pupal durations and survivals, adult emergence, fecundity and egg hatching was observed by introducing 10 pairs of pupae, from previously reared beetles, on three varieties at their respective salt levels. One control was included with grains of the plants, which were irrigated with distilled water only. Results have shown that varieties had significant difference among the treatments for larval duration, which was significantly extended in different varieties at various salt levels. Mean longest larval duration (31.67 days) was recorded in Shafaq as respectively 8 (33.00 days), 12 (33.33 days) and 16 (30.33 days) dS m-1 salt level as compared to its control (31.00 days). Fecundity and egg hatching of T. castaneum differed among the wheat varieties irrespective of salt levels. In another experiment, response of SARC-1, SARC-2, SARC-3, SARC-4, SARC-5, SARC-6, SARC-7, SARC-8, LU-26S, to life history parameters of T. castaneum showed that significant difference in the number of eggs, hatching percentage, larval and pupal survival was found. The number of eggs was significantly lower in variety SARC 1 (126.00) followed by SARC 2 (128.75), SARC 3 (132.25) while was significantly higher in SARC 5 (151.75). Egg hatching percentage was lower in SARC 6 (39.38%) and significantly higher in SARC 5 (58.42%). Larval survival was significantly less in SARC 7 (36.99%) and more in SARC 1 (52.25%). Pupal survival was significantly lower in SARC 1 (20.54%) while higher in SARC 8 (42.11%). Based on results it may be stated that salt stressed wheat varieties have significant impact of the biology of T. castaneum.
The present study was conducted to sort out the effective laboratory rearing temperature for egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) by using host eggs, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) at 20, 25, 28, 31, 35 and 40 o C in the incubators. Biological parameters of parasitoids, T. chilonis such as parasitism (95.6%), developmental period (7.3 days), emergence (98.0%) and adult longevity (9.0 days) were very favorable at 28 o C followed by at 25 o C (92.8%, 8.3 days, 96.2%, and 10.0 days, respectively). The lower and extreme limits of temperatures were evaluated as 20 and 35 o C with prolonged and reduced developmental period, respectively, causing low parasitism and emergence, whereas rearing at 40 o C did not support the survival of parasitoids. It is inferred from the results that 28 o C temperature is very conducive for rearing of parasitoid to
The direct relationship exists between the quality of an animal protein source and its available amino acids. A number of samples of each of the fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were analyzed for their proximate composition. Then two samples of each ingredient one having the highest (grade A) other with lowest crude protein (grade B) were selected. They were analyzed for their available amino acids. The average availability of fifteen amino acids in high grade fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were 85.68, 80.36, 85.53 and 77.62 percent, respectively. Whereas average availability of fifteen amino acids in low grade fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were 78.12, 76.60, 67.10 and 69.46 percent, respectively. All protein sources were force fed to the birds and excreta samples were collected during the trial. Feed and excreta samples were analyzed for amino acid. The available amino acid contents of a feed protein were assayed by measuring the live weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, nitrogen retention of the chicks given the intact protein as a supplement to a diet deficient in a particular amino acid under investigation. It was clear after the determination of availability of each amino acid that more amino acids are available in high grade animal protein sources as compared to low grade animal protein source. Thus it was concluded that quality of feed ingredients impose direct effect on their available amino acids profile.
Physical characteristics of eight maize varieties /lines (EV-6089, Sahiwal-2002, Golden, 34N43, EV-1098, Sultan, China-1, EV-20), seven yellow and one white, obtained from Maize and Millet Research Institute, Yousaf Wala, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan, in free choice test, were correlated with biological parameters of life history of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera). S. cerealella was cultured on a susceptible maize variety for two generations and was then transferred on the grains of the test varieties / lines for further experiments. Results showed that the maximum number of moths was emerged in Sultan (9.33) and China-1 (9.33). Fecundity was highest on variety EV-6089 (50.00). Maximum number of eggs hatched in Sultan (87.83%). Highest moth weight was observed in variety EV-6089 (7.82 mg). Maximum development time was shared by China 1 and 32N43 (32.67 and 32.33 days, respectively). Maximum percent grain damage and weigh loss was in EV-1098 (93.46% and 42.19%, respectively). Average grain weight was maximum (32.33 mg) in China-1. EV-6089 and EV-1098 had significantly high hardness index. The varieties had positive as well as negative correlation between hardness index and average grain weight (1000 grains) and life history parameters. On the basis of correlation, involvement of the grain characteristics in the resistance of maize grain towards S. cerealella is discussed.
The aim of this study is to describe radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomographic appearance of normal cinereous vulture’s eye and to determine normal biometric values of intraocular structures. Twenty-six eyes of thirteen healthy cinereous vultures were examined. Under general anesthesia with isoflurane, ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and skull radiography were performed. Differences between both eyes as well as between US and CT measurements were investigated and correlation of measurements between both eyes as well as correlation between CT and US measurements of the various ocular structures were calculated. Most of paired data did not show any significant differences between both eyes and the CT and US measurements, while there were significant differences (P<0.05) between CT and US measurements of depth of both vitreous and anterior chambers, and axial length of the lens in right eyes. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) between both eyes in depth of vitreous measured by CT. All the measurements had strong correlations between both eyes and between US and CT. In conclusion, ocular imaging techniques provided useful data of biometry and morphology, showing good correlation between CT and US in cinereous vulture’s eye. Especially, when ophthalmoscopic examinations would not be available due to opaque anterior segment, imaging techniques could be essential for diagnosing and managing of the eye.
The susceptibility of six wheat varieties to Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) was studied under laboratory conditions. The results obtained on the basis of moth emergence, percent damaged grains and percent grain weight loss showed that owing to least damaged grains the variety MH-97 was considered less susceptible whereas Inqlab-91 was highly damaged. A significant correlation between the moth emergence and developmental period of insect with grain size, damage and other biochemical factors concerning grains was also found, however, correlation pattern was not uniform for all variables in different varieties under investigation.
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