This study evaluated the effect of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible lysine (DL) on the rate of protein deposition, rate deposition body fat and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks 1 to 10 days of age. The study design consisted of 1,152 broilers, weighing 52 ± 5 g, distributed in a completely randomized, 4x4 factorial design, consisting of four levels of ME (2700; 2825; 2950 and 3075 kcal/kg) and four levels of DL (1,080; 1,187; 1,295 and 1,403%), with 16 treatments and three replicates, with 24 poultry in each experimental unit. The protein deposition rate (PDR) and fat deposition rate (FDR) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the ME, however, PDR was influenced linearly (P < 0.05) by increasing lysine. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between the levels of ME and DL, whose increase resulted in a higher villus height of the duodenum, jejunum and a greater relation villus: crypt ratio of the ileum. Therefore, levels of DL and ME had positive effects on the intestinal development of broiler chicks in the pre-starter phase.
The effect of supplementation of different enzymatic associations in the feed of broiler chickens formulated with corn dried at 80°C or 110°C on growth performance and carcass yield was evaluated. In addition, the influence of the different enzymatic associations on the cecal microbiota was studied. One-day-old male broiler chicks (1,320) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (6 replicates; 22 birds/replicate). The treatments were 2 corn drying temperatures (80°C and 110°C) and 5 diets. The diets consisted of a positive control (PC), a negative control (NC) with a reduction of 100 kcal/kg of apparent metabolizable energy, and 3 enzyme combinations added to the NC diet: amylase, amylase + xylanase, and amylase + xylanase + protease. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 1 to 7 d of chickens fed diets formulated with corn dried at 80°C was better (P = 0.045) than that of chickens fed diets dried at 110°C. Regardless of the enzymatic association, the supplementation improved body weight gain (P = 0.01) of the NC group to the same level as the PC group. The FCR of the NC was similar to that of the PC only when the 3 enzymes were included from 1 to 21 d (P = 0.001) and regardless of the enzymatic association for the period from 1 to 42 d (P = 0.007). Regarding cecal microbiota, the alpha diversity was similar among the groups (P > 0.05). The beta-diversity analysis showed that the microbiota of the birds receiving the combination of the 3 enzymes was similar to that of birds fed the PC diet (P = 0.18; R = 0.074), with a similar effect observed for the predicted metabolic functions (Linear discriminant analysis effect size). In conclusion, chickens fed diets formulated with corn dried at 80°C had better FCR during the prestarter phase. The enzymatic supplementation improved the FCR of the birds, which may partially be explained by the modulation of the cecal microbiota.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets containing acid soybean oil (ASO) as a substitute for degummed soybean oil (DSO), with or without an emulsifier, on the serum lipid composition, antioxidant protection, carcass yield, and meat quality of broilers. Seven hundred and four 1-day-old male chicks were distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (with or without emulsifier × two lipid sources—ASO and DSO), with eight replicates. The dietary inclusion of ASO increased by 65.87% the serum activity of the superoxide dismutase at 21 days of age. The inclusion of the emulsifier reduced the tenderloin yield of the birds by 5.22% and the abdominal fat percentage by 10.20% at 49 days of age, interfering with serum low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride. There was an increase in the water-holding capacity, greater yellow intensity ( b*) 15 min post mortem, and lower pH 24 h post mortem for meat from broilers fed diets containing DSO. Meat from broilers fed diets containing ASO with an emulsifier showed lower shear force. The emulsifier did not provide additional metabolizable energy, as reflected by the reduced chicken tenderloin yield. The use of ASO provided better serum antioxidant status, with no deleterious effects on the carcass and meat quality of broilers.
A avicultura brasileira ocupa posição de destaque no cenário mundial e existe a necessidade de que esta produção ocorra de forma sustentável, sendo assim a nutrição destes animais deve ser realizada de forma que provoque o menor impacto ambiental possível. Frente ao exposto surgem as conchas calcárias do mexilhão dourado que é um molusco invasor que ocupa grande parte dos rios de água doce da América do Sul e é responsável por gerar grandes impactos ambientais. O alto teor de cálcio (Ca) presente no mexilhão dourado faz com que este seja um potencial alimento com capacidade de substituir o calcário calcítico em dietas de frangos de corte, porém o seu hábito alimentar filtrador faz com que este possa conter teores de metais tóxicos como o cádmio (Cd) e o chumbo (Pb) que se contidos no interior do mexilhão podem causar contaminação dos frangos e conseqüentemente também dos produtos alimentícios derivados destes.
A glicerina bruta (GB) é um coproduto gerado no processo de produção do biodiesel, do qual representa 10% do produto final. A utilização da GB na alimentação de animais não-ruminantes torna-se interessante, pois apresenta um alto teor de energia bruta e, ainda, a sua utilização pode proporcionar o retorno de parte das matérias-primas empregadas na produção de energia à cadeia alimentar, dando origem a produtos de elevado valor nutritivo. O emprego da glicerina na sua forma bruta como alimento energético vem sendo estudado como uma alternativa para a redução do custo com a alimentação animal, além de proporcionar um destino ambientalmente correto a esse coproduto. Porém, os valores enérgicos e a composição da GB, encontrados na literatura, apresentam grande variação, porque no processo de produção do biodiesel podem ser utilizadas diferentes matérias primas bem como diferentes processos. Além disso, a GB pode apresentar altas concentrações de metanol e sal (sódio ou potássio), devido a utilização do metanol e hidróxido de sódio ou potássio durante o processo de produção do biodiesel. Neste contexto, é necessário o entendimento da capacidade da utilização da GB e seus possíveis efeitos adversos em frangos de corte. Perante estes factos, o objetivo desta revisão é caracterizar a GB como um alimento alternativo para frangos de corte, bem como os fatores que devem ser avaliados antes da sua utilização.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of dry residue of cassava (DRC) with or without supplementation of carbohydrases on performance, carcass yield, cuts and organs, blood parameters and meat quality of broiler chickens. Birds were distributed in a completely randomised design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with or without addition of carbohydrases and five levels of DRC inclusion, resulting in 10 treatments with 5 replicates of 22 birds each. At 21 days of age, two birds of each treatment were fasted for 6 hours for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days, four birds per pen were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, cuts, organs, percentage of abdominal fat and meat quality. Between 1-21 days of age, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between carbohydrase and DRC supplementation on weight gain (WG) and feed intake, which showed a decreasing linear effect without the inclusion of carbohydrases. In the period from 1 to 42 days, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion on the variables WG and feed conversion. Carbohydrase inclusion provided an increase (P < 0.05) in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, gamma GT and blood glucose. Concentrations of gamma GT were increased and levels of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were decreased (P < 0.05) with DRC inclusion. At 24 hours post mortem, there was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) for breast meat between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion for the variable L. The analysed values of pH, water holding capacity and shear force of the breast meat were not affected (P > 0.05) by DRC inclusion and carbohydrase addition. However, cooking loss was influenced (P < 0.05) by levels of inclusion of DRC. The L and a* variable and the feet of broiler chickens were not affected (P > 0.05) by DRC levels and carbohydrase addition. The colour variable b* showed a decrease (P < 0.05) from 5% level of inclusion. The results of this study show that DRC can be used in the diets of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days old to the assessed level of 10%, provided that carbohydrase is added.
Dry residue of cassava was studied on the digestibility, performance, intestinal measurements, with or without inclusion of carbohydrases, of slow-growing broilers. 160 Label Rouge broiler chickens, 21-d-old, were distributed in a randomized, 2x5 factorial arrangement (male and female x 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% residue) (metabolism trial). 1,100 male chicks were distributed in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (with/without carbohydrases x 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0% residue), with five replicates (performance trial). Increasing residue levels led to increases in energetic values. Feed intake from 1–21-d-old and 1–63-d-old decreased linearly. At 42 d-old, feed intake and weight gain levels exhibited a quadratic response, which predicted a highest value at 3.32% and 4.77%, respectively, for diets without carbohydrases. For 21- and 42-d-old chickens, the inclusion of carbohydrases reduced the weight and length of the small intestine. The energetic values of the diets were positively influenced by the residue and had similar digestibility values for both sexes. Inclusion of up to 10% of residue in slow-growing broiler diets does not impaired performance and intestinal morphology. The addition of carbohydrases reduced the viscosity of the digesta but it was not enough to improve the performance of the birds.
Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos da suplementacao de nucleotideos e de acido guanidinoacetico (GAA) na dieta, alem do efeito de interacao do GAA, niveis de arginina (Arg) e glicina (Gly) sobre o desempenho zootecnico, parâmetros sanguineos, contagem diferencial de leucocitos, atividade mitotica das celulas satelites, rendimento de carcaca e cortes, absorcao do anexo embrionario, desenvolvimento de orgaos e peito, qualidade da carne, incidencia de miopatias peitorais e lesoes cutâneas em frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento os animais foram distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo tres tratamentos, oito repeticoes e 25 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram compostos de uma racao controle (RC), RC suplementada com 1 g kg-1 de nucleotideos (ate os 28 dias de idade das aves) e RC suplementada com 0,6 g kg-1 de GAA. No segundo, as aves foram distribuidas um delineamento composto central rotacionado com dupla malha experimental. Cada malha experimental, representada pela inclusao de 0,6 g kg-1 de GAA ou nao, apresentou quatro pontos fatoriais (combinacao dos niveis 96,4 e 117,6% de Arg e 132,5 e 161,5% de Gly), quatro pontos axiais (combinacao dos niveis 92 e 122% de Arg e 127 e 168% de Gly), e um ponto central, representado pelo par 107% de Arg e 147% de Gly, totalizando 18 tratamentos. Cada ponto fatorial e axial possuiu quatro repeticoes e os dois pontos centrais apresentaram 24 repeticoes cada, todos com 25 aves por repeticao. No primeiro experimento, a dieta com GAA melhorou a conversao alimentar (CA), ganho de peso e aumentou a concentracao de creatina quinase no soro de frangos de corte na fase de 1 a 10 dias, em relacao ao tratamento controle. A suplementacao de GAA proporcionou uma reducao na ocorrencia de dermatose, na incidencia dos escore moderado e media dos escores do peito madeira (Wooden breast - WB), ainda reduziu as proporcoes do escore severo e media dos escores de estrias brancas (white striping - WS) aos 42d, em comparacao as aves que receberam a dieta com nucleotideos. No segundo experimento a CA de 1 a 10 dias, apresentou uma resosta linear decrescente para os niveis de Arg e quadratico em funcao dos niveis de Gly. As aves suplementadas com o GAA, no periodo de 1 a 10 e 1 a 42 dias, apresentaram uma melhor CA quando comparado ao grupo que nao recebeu. As concentracoes de AST exibiram resposta linear crescente e um efeito linear decrescente em funcao dos niveis de Arg e Gly, respectivamente. A suplementacao de GAA diminuiu as concentracoes sanguineas de AST. Houve um aumentou na ocorrencia do escore leve e uma reducao na soma dos escores moderado+severo do WB em peitos de frangos que receberam a dieta com GAA. Ainda, a proporcao de ocorrencia do grau normal aumentou enquanto a do escore severo do WS foi reduzida com a suplementacao do GAA. Em conclusao, suplementacao de nucleotideos as dietas aumenta da incidencia de miopatias, nao tendo efeito sobre as demais variaveis. A suplementacao dietetica de GAA melhorou o desempenho de frangos de corte na fase de 1 a 10 e de 1 a 42 dias, bem como, reduziu a severidade do WB, WS e a ocorrencia de dermatoses em frangos de corte, aos 42 dias de idade. O aumento relacao de Arg:Lys e Gly:Lys digestivel, em 10 e 16% das recomendacoes, proporcionam uma melhora na CA na fase inicial.