Farzana Kastury

University of South Australia

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Albert L. Juhasz

University of South Australia

Kirk G. Scheckel

Environmental Protection Agency

Euan Smith

University of South Australia

Carina Herde

South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute

Ranju R. Karna

U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center

Ruby Jones

University of South Australia

David Paterson

Australian Synchrotron

Martin Donnelley

Women's and Children's Hospital

David Parsons

Women's and Children's Hospital

Enzo Lombi

University of South Australia

Cooperative Institutions

University of South Australia

University of Adelaide

Environmental Protection Agency

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

University of Queensland

RMIT University

Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment

Agriculture and Food

University of Tasmania

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Impact of precursors and bioaccessibility on childhood PFAS exposure from house dust

The Science of The Total Environment (2023)

Albert L. Juhasz Adam C. Keith Ruby Jones Farzana Kastury

This study investigated the impact of precursors and bioaccessibility on childhood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in house dust (n = 28) from Adelaide, Australia. Sum PFAS concentration (∑38) ranged from 3.0 to 2640 μg kg-1 with PFOS (1.5-675 μg kg-1), PFHxS (1.0-405 μg kg-1) and PFOA (1.0-155 μg kg-1) constituting the major perfluoroalkyl sulfonic (PFSA) and carboxylic acids (PFCA). The total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was applied to estimate concentrations of unmeasurable precursors that may undergo oxidation to measurable PFAS. Sum PFAS concentration post-TOP assay changed 3.8-112-fold (91.5-62,300 μg kg-1) with median post-TOP assay PFCA (C4-C8) concentrations (92.3-170 μg kg-1) increasing significantly (13.7-48.5-fold). As incidental dust ingestion is a significant exposure pathway for young children, PFAS bioaccessibility was determined using an in vitro assay. Sum PFAS bioaccessibility ranged from 4.6 to 49.3 % with significantly (p < 0.05) higher PFCA (10.3-83.4 %) bioaccessibility compared to PFSA (3.5-51.5 %). When in vitro extracts were assessed post-TOP assay, PFAS bioaccessibility changed (7-1060 versus 137-3900 μg kg-1) although percentage bioaccessibility decreased (2.3-14.5 %) due to the disproportionately higher post-TOP assay PFAS concentration. PFAS estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated for a 'stay-at-home' 2-3-year-old child. Inclusion of dust specific bioaccessibility values resulted in a 1.7-20.5-fold decrease in ∑PFOA, PFOA and PFHxS EDI (0.02-1.23 ng kg bw-1 day-1) compared to default absorption assumptions (0.23-5.4 ng kg bw-1 day-1). However, when 'worst-case scenario' precursor transformation was considered, EDI calculations were 4.1-187-fold higher that the EFSA tolerable weekly intake value (equivalent to 0.63 ng kg bw-1 day-1), although this was moderated when exposure parameters were refined through PFAS bioaccessibility incorporation (0.35-17.0-fold higher than the TDI). Irrespective of exposure scenario, EDI calculations were below the FSANZ tolerable daily intake values for PFOS (20 ng kg bw-1 day-1) and PFOA (160 ng kg bw-1 day-1) for all dust samples analysed.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164306

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Dermal Uptake of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids (Pfca) in Human Skin (Ex-Vivo): An Insight into the Bioaccessibility of Short Versus Long-Chain Pfca

Lore Jane L. Espartero Farzana Kastury Miko Yamada Samuel D. Bradley Mark H. Moore

While PFAS has been linked to various health effects in humans, dermal uptake of both legacy and emerging PFAS, as an important route of exposure, is underrepresented in the literature. This study used ex-vivo human skin to estimate and compare the dermal permeation (Franz Diffusion Cell System) of short and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA). The significance of skin absorption for each target compound was evaluated by determining the diffusion flux (J) and permeability coefficient (Kp), which were similar for all PFAS studied. For example, the flux (J) of PFOA, PFHxA, and PFBA were 4.86 x 10-6, 4.75 x 10-6, and 4.16 x 10-6, respectively, while the permeability coefficient (Kp) for PFOA, PFHxA, and PFBA were 1.5 x 10-8, 2.0 x 10-8, and 2.7 x 10-8, respectively. The total dermal uptake was 14.4 ng/cm2 ± 0.3 (4.5%), 7.3 ng/cm2 ± 0.7 (3.2%), and 3.1 ng/cm2 ± 0.6 (2%) for PFOA, PFHxA, and PFBA, respectively. Perfluorinated carbon chain length and hydrophobicity influenced PFCA dermal uptake. The rate-limiting step in dermal penetration and permeation occurred in the stratum corneum as it acts as the main barrier against dermic permeation. The diffusion and permeation capacity of short-chained PFHxA and PFBA was comparable to legacy PFOA, where, although the skin permeability of these compounds was low, dermal exposure was a significant route of exposure under constant and prolonged exposure.

Ex vivo

Human skin

10.2139/ssrn.4705603

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In-vitro, in-vivo and spectroscopic assessment of the reduction of lead exposure via ingestion and inhalation pathways

Farzana Kastury Euan Smith Emmanuel Dœlsch Enzo Lombi Martin Donnelley

Lead (Pb) exposure is a significant global concern due to its negative impact on neurological and cognitive development in children. Particularly, in many historic mining sites, high levels of lead (Pb) in the ingestible soil (<250 µm) and inhalable dust (<10 µm) have prompted the investigation into techniques for in-situ Pb immobilization using soil amendments. Although the efficacy of Pb immobilization using phosphates has been demonstrated via the ingestion pathway (e.g. by promoting the formation of insoluble Pb-phosphates in the soil), its efficacy in reducing Pb exposure via the inhalation pathway has received little attention. This is particularly relevant because 90% of the inhaled dust may be swallowed within 24 h and reach the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract where the Pb may be subjected to the same conditions as ingested soil. This study compared Pb immobilisation efficacies of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) amendments via ingestion and inhalation pathways using in-vitro and in-vivo assays in conjunction with Pb speciation and dynamics via X-ray based spectroscopic methodologies. Mining/smelting impacted soil from Broken Hill, Australia was amended with Phosphoric Acid (PA), Hydroxyapatite, Mono-Ammonium Phosphate (MAP), Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), bonemeal biochar and Fe2O3 at a molar ratio of Pb:P/Fe=1:5. Pb in-vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) was conducted in the <250 µm ingestible soil particle fraction (ingestible fraction) using the solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay, and in the <10 µm inhalable soil particle fraction (dust fraction) using inhalation-ingestion bioaccessibility assay and artificial lysosomal fluid assay. In-vivo bioassays were conducted in the mouse model [relative bioavailability (RBA) in the ingestible fraction and blood and tissue bioavailability via instillation in the dust fraction over a 24 h exposure period]. Spectroscopic methodologies utilised included assessment of Pb-phosphate formation by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) in the pre and post-IVBA residuals, 2D mapping of Pb in the mice lungs and GI tracts by X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) in the 24 h mice lungs. Despite no in-situ Pb-phosphate formation was observed using XAS analysis, a significant reduction (p<0.05) in Pb IVBA was observed in all P amended ingestible fraction [Treatment effect ratio (TER): 0.02-0.1] and in PA, MAP and TSP amended dust fraction (TER 0.6-0.8). A 21.1% reduction in Pb RBA and 56.4% reduction in blood Pb concentration were observed via the ingestion and inhalation pathways respectively. 2D images of lungs and GI tracts via XFM indicated that Pb started clearing from the lungs within 4-8 h and reached the stomach, while XANES assessment of Pb speciation indicated that anglesites and organic matter bound Pb were the predominant residual species in the lungs 24 h post instillation.

Inhalation exposure

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Plastic, nutrition and pollution; relationships between ingested plastic and metal concentrations in the livers of two Pachyptila seabirds

Scientific Reports (2020)

Lauren Roman Farzana Kastury Sophie Petit Rina Aleman Chris Wilcox

Abstract Naturally occurring metals and metalloids [metal(loid)s] are essential for the physiological functioning of wildlife; however, environmental contamination by metal(loid) and plastic pollutants is a health hazard. Metal(loid)s may interact with plastic in the environment and there is mixed evidence about whether plastic ingested by wildlife affects metal(loid) absorption/assimilation and concentration in the body. We examined ingested plastic and liver concentration of eleven metal(loid)s in two seabird species: fairy ( Pachyptila turtur ) and slender-billed prions ( P. belcheri ). We found significant relationships between ingested plastic and the concentrations of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the liver of prions. We investigated whether the pattern of significant relationships reflected plastic-metal(loid) associations predicted in the scientific literature, including by transfer of metals from ingested plastics or malnutrition due to dietary dilution by plastics in the gut. We found some support for both associations, suggesting that ingested plastic may be connected with dietary dilution / lack of essential nutrients, especially iron, and potential transfer of zinc. We did not find a relationship between plastic and non-essential metal(loid)s, including lead. The effect of plastic was minor compared to that of dietary exposure to metal(oid)s, and small plastic loads (< 3 items) had no discernible link with metal(loid)s. This new evidence shows a relationship between plastic ingestion and liver metal(loid) concentrations in free-living wildlife.

Metalloid

10.1038/s41598-020-75024-6

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Citations (38)

An inhalation-ingestion bioaccessibility assay (IIBA) for the assessment of exposure to metal(loid)s in PM10

The Science of The Total Environment (2018)

Farzana Kastury Euan Smith Ranju R. Karna Kirk G. Scheckel Albert L. Juhasz

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.337

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Nutrients and seabird biogeography: Feather elements differ among oceanic basins in the Southern Hemisphere, reflecting bird size, foraging range and nutrient availability in seawater

Global Ecology and Biogeography (2023)

Lauren Roman Farzana Kastury Sophie Petit Rina Aleman Britta Denise Hardesty

Abstract Aim Biodiversity hotspots in wide‐ranging marine species typically overlap with regions of high productivity, which are often associated with nutrient‐rich waters. Here we investigate how element concentrations in feathers vary among highly mobile seabirds in global seabird biodiversity hotspots. Location Southern Hemisphere. Time period Contemporary. Major taxa studied Fifteen species in the order Procellariiformes. Methods We collected data on the concentration of 15 elements in feathers for 253 seabirds sampled across Australia and New Zealand and compared the “fingerprint” of micronutrient element profiles to feathers of related seabirds from global hotspots using principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Results Breast feather concentrations of some elements, including aluminium, iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic and cadmium, were tens‐to‐hundred‐fold higher in smaller (<400 g) than larger species (≥400 g). We suggest these results reflect the dominance of pelagic crustaceans in the diet of smaller seabirds, blooms of which are influenced by input of limiting ocean nutrients. Cluster analysis revealed three broad groups of feather elements: large seabirds, and small seabirds in each of the South Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean basins. High concentrations of some elements in feathers match seawater availability and are detectable in lower‐trophic feeding seabirds with local movements. Conversely, the element fingerprints of longer‐distance, higher‐trophic foragers, including albatrosses, do not match availability in seawater at the collection site. Main conclusions The feather element concentrations of shorter‐range foraging, lower‐trophic feeding seabirds vary significantly among ocean basins, reflecting availability in seawater, while longer‐range, higher‐trophic species do not. We propose that geographically diverse availability of micronutrients, in addition to primary productivity, may play an underrecognized role in seabird biogeography and intra‐hemispheric migration, though more research is needed. This study has important implications, considering the role of element availability in supporting biodiversity hotspots for dispersive marine predators and for the designation of protected areas.

Shearwater

Dominance (genetics)

10.1111/geb.13629

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PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS toxicokinetic considerations for the development of an in vivo approach for assessing PFAS relative bioavailability in soil

Environment International (2024)

Albert L. Juhasz Farzana Kastury Ruby Jones Mahima Seeborun Tanya Cáceres

10.1016/j.envint.2024.109232

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Correlation between lead speciation and inhalation bioaccessibility using two different simulated lung fluids

Environmental Pollution (2020)

Farzana Kastury Ranju R. Karna Kirk G. Scheckel Albert L. Juhasz

Genetic algorithm

10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114609

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Citations (17)

Application of soil amendments for reducing PFAS leachability and bioavailability

Environmental Pollution (2022)

Albert L. Juhasz Farzana Kastury Carina Herde Wayne Tang

10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119498

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Exploring the potential for top-dressing bread wheat with ammonium chloride to minimize grain yield losses under drought

Soil Science & Plant Nutrition (2018)

Farzana Kastury Vahid Rahimi Eichi Akiko Enju Mamoru Okamoto Sigrid Heuer

The frequency and severity of drought is predicted to rise in many parts of the world. Considering that drought is the main constraint on rain-fed wheat crop production, both agronomic and genetic measures have been taken to minimize yield losses under drought. Beyond its role as a micronutrient, chloride also acts as an osmoticum, implicated in the regulation of stomatal aperture. This study explores the potential for chloride fertilization of Australian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to minimize grain yield losses caused by drought stress. For this, two drought-tolerant commercial genotypes (Mace and Gladius) and a well-studied drought-tolerant genotype used in wheat breeding (RAC875) were treated with ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, or ammonium bicarbonate, the latter two treatments served as controls for chloride and ammonium, respectively. Plants were grown under either a watered or water-restricted (drought) regime. The genotype RAC875 was found to accumulate leaf chloride at a significantly higher level than the other genotypes under optimal growth conditions. Under drought conditions, top-dressing RAC875 plants with ammonium chloride resulted in up to a 2.5-fold increase in grain number and this effect was not seen when plants were top-dressed with either of the control fertilizers. The ammonium chloride treatment also minimized losses of grain yield in RAC875 plants grown under drought. Treatment effects were accompanied by an increase in stomatal conductance. These results collectively suggest that the compound fertilizer ammonium chloride can improve drought tolerance of wheat.

Ammonium chloride

Drought Tolerance

10.1080/00380768.2018.1493341

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Citations (5)