Some rheological properties of mineral lubricating oils containing polyolefin (OCP) (ethylene/propylene copolymer) and poly(alkyl methacrylate) (PAMA) mixed additives over a wide composition range have been examined. Increasing the OCP content significantly increases the viscosity and shear stability of solutions, whereas the viscosity index is directly proportional to the PAMA content. The pour point values of the additive solutions investigated are lower than −30°C even for the smallest concentration of PAMA in the polymer mixture of 15 wt.% (at a total polymer mixture concentration in oil of 2 wt.%). The viscosities of dilute mixed additive solutions obey the typical Krigbaum-Wall equation and, due to the negative viscometric interaction parameter values (Δb12 < 0), the OCP/PAMA mixture is found to be immiscible. The immiscibility becomes more pronounced on increasing the overall polymer concentrations. The viscosities of concentrated mixed additive solutions decrease significantly with an increase of OCP content, showing a minimum of half the initial value at a polymer ratio of about 50/50. On decreasing the polymer concentration to practical levels as well as increasing the temperature, the viscosity values approach the ideal additivity law. Based on the ratio of specific viscosities at 40 and 100°C (Q), the OCP additive solution shows a better thickening effect at lower temperatures (Q < 1). On the other hand, the PAMA additive solution shows a better effect at higher temperatures (Q > 1) with more coherent thickening with temperature change. The mixed polymer additive, containing ∼10 wt.% OCP and ∼90 wt.% PAMA, is a nearly optimal viscosity-index improver showing the same thickening effect at different temperatures. The results obtained are promising as regards the design of lubricant formulations with mixed polymeric additives.
The miscibility and intermolecular interactions between two uncharged polymers, poly(ethylene-co-propylene) (EPC) and poly(alkyl methacrylates) (PAMA), namely: poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(dodecyl methacrylate) (PDDMA) or poly(octadecyl methacrylate) (PODMA), in dilute xylene solution at 30 o^C were thoroughly investigated by viscosity measurements. Also some rheological properties of mineral lubricating oils containing ethylene/propylene copolymer and poly(alkyl methacrylate) mixed additives have been examined. Based on the ratio of specific viscosities at 40 and 100 o^C (Q) the OCP additive solution showed a better thickening effect at lower temperatures (Q 1). The mixed polymer additive containing ~10 wt. % OCP and ~90 wt. % PAMA is a nearly ideal candidate for the viscosity index improver showing the same thickening effect at different temperatures.
This paper presents a speech dereverberation algorithm combining adaptive multi-channel linear prediction (MCLP) with a statistical model for the undesired reverberation. More specifically, we propose to constrain the power of the MCLP-based late reverberation estimate with the late reverberant power estimated using the exponential decay model, thereby preventing excessive cancellation of the speech signal. Simulation results show that incorporating the constraint improves the performance of the adaptive dereverberation method when the prediction filters need to adapt quickly.
Zahvaljujuci unaprijeđenom postupku proizvodnje, biobutanol se razmatra i sve vise upotrebljava kao obnovljivo i zamjensko gorivo za motore s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Osim izravne upotrebe i namjesavanja s mineralnim motornim gorivima, biobutanol se može koristiti i kao alkohol u procesu transesterifikacije otpadnih biljnih ulja pri proizvodnji biodizela. Radi postizanja vece konverzije proces transesterifikacije cesto se vodi u velikom suvisku alkohola, kojega naknadno treba ukloniti ako je rijec o metanolu. Svrha ovoga rada je bila istražiti utjecaj ostatnog butanola na svojstva mjesavina butilnih estera visemasnih kiselina s mineralnim dizelskim gorivom. Ispitivanja gustoce, kinematicke viskoznosti, niskotemperaturne filtrabilnosti i mazivosti za istražene mjesavine do FABE udjela od 10 vol. % i do udjela butanola od 5 vol. % su pokazala da nema njegova loseg utjecaja na zahtijevane vrijednosti goriva. Prema utvrđenim utjecajima može se zakljuciti da nereagirani butanol nije potrebno odvajati iz smjese produkata transesterifikacije. Na taj nacin se postiže usteda energije i ostalih resursa koji bi bili potrebni za njegovo izdvajanje iz smjese. Naravno, prije same uporabe mjesavina, potrebno je istražiti i dodatna svojstva zadana normom o kvaliteti dizelskog goriva (HR EN 590), kao i emisije ispusnih plinova iz motora s unutarnjim izgaranjem.