Disruption of the blood-urine barrier can result in acute or chronic inflammatory bladder injury. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylation prevented bladder injury and protected from urinary dysfunction in a mouse model of cyclophosphamide-induced disruption of the blood-urine barrier. Our study highlights a potential role for HIF-activating small-molecule compounds in the prevention or therapy of bladder injury and urinary dysfunction and provides a rationale for future clinical studies.
Abstract Purpose of Review Near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF) with the use of indocyanine green (ICG) has been recently adopted in pediatric urology after its well-published use in the adult population. As a powerful tool that can help delineate complex anatomy and congenital anomalies, we discuss the various applications of this imaging in minimally invasive and open surgery in pediatric urology. Recent Findings The most reported applications of ICG in pediatric urology are within minimally invasive surgery, particularly varicoceles, renal surgery such as nephrectomies and renal tumor excision, mimicking its use in adult urology. ICG has also been applied to reconstructive urology such as ureteral reconstruction, hypospadias repair and bladder exstrophy. Despite its safety and more widespread use in pediatric surgery, all published studies in pediatric urology to date have been limited to small and single-center experiences, reflecting the novel nature of this technology in this field. Summary ICG has been shown to be safe and effective in children, particularly in those with complex anatomy and in technically challenging surgeries. Future studies should focus on standardized protocols for children and multi-center comparative studies.
