A simple method of revealing proteins on nitrocellulose blots is described. It is based on high affinity of colloidal silver for proteins. The sensitivity is about the same as that of colloidal gold and it appears to be about 20 times higher than the presently used staining methods. The whole procedure is very simple and does not take more than 30 min.
Summary
In 683 chickens divided into groups according to age, the values of cholesterol and phospholipids were determined in the first month of the postincubation ontogenesis, and in 519 chickens the values of the total esterified fatty acids were determined. Cholesterol was determined photometrically with ferric sulphate, phospholipids with ammonium molybdate and amino-aphto sulphonic acid, and total esterified fatty acids after conversion with hydroxylamine and hydroxamic acid.
In the first 5 days after hatching higher values of cholesterol (500–670 mg.%), of esterified fatty acids (450–620 mg.%), and of phospholipids (350–377 mg.%) were found. These values did not decrease until the 7th day and became stabilized at 150–207 mg.% for cholesterol, 200–300 mg.% for total esterified fatty acids, and 145–225 mg.% for phospholipids.
The rise in lipids in the first 5 days of life in the serum of chickens is caused by their transport from the yolk sac via the ductus vitellinus to the intestine, from where they are resorbed and cause the bright-yellow coloration of the liver of chickens at an age of from 5 to 7 days.
Zusammenfassung
Der Gehalt an Cholesterol, Phospholipiden und Fettsaureestern im Blut von WL-Kuken wahrend des ersten Lebensmonates
683 Kuken wurden nach dem Schlupf in 13 Altersgruppen (1–42 Tage) unterteilt. Bei den verschiedenen Gruppen wurden im Blutserum der Cholesterol-, Phospholipid- und Fettsaureestergehalt bestimmt. Der Cholesterolgehalt wurde photometrisch mit Eisen (III)-sulfat, der Gehalt an Phospholipiden mit Ammoniummolybdat und Aminoaphto-Sulfonsaure und derjenige der Fettsaureestern nach deren Konversion mit Hydroxylamin und Hydrox-aminsaure bestimmt.
In den ersten 5 Tagen nach dem Schlupfen wurden hohere Werte an Cholesterol (500–670 mg%), Fettsaureestern (450–620 mg%) und Phospholipiden (350–577 mg%) gefunden. Bis zum 7. Tag verminderten sich diese Werte nicht, spater blieben die Gehalte bei folgenden Werten stabil: Cholesterol 150–207 mg%, Fettsaureester 200–300 mg%, Phospholipide 145 bis 225 mg%.
Die erhohten Lipidwerte im Serum wahrend der ersten 5 Lebenstage sind auf den Transport der Lipide vom Dottersack durch den Ductus vitellinus (Ductus omphaloentericus) zum Darm zuruckzufuhren. Im Darm werden die Lipide resorbiert und verursachen die hellgelbe Farbe der Leber bei Kuken im Alter zwischen 5 und 7 Tagen.
Resume
La teneur en cholesterol, phospholipides et esters d'acides gras du sang de poussins WL pendant les premiers mois de la vie
On repartit 683 poussins en 13 categories d'âge, de l'eclosion au 42eme jour. On determine dans ces categories la teneur en cholesterol, phospholipides et esters d'acides gras du serum sanguin. La determination du cholesterol se fait par photometrie a l'aide du sulfate de fer (III), celle des phospholipides a l'aide du molybdate d'ammonium et d'acide aminonaphtol-sulfonique et celle des esters d'acides gras, apres leur conversion, a l'aide d'hydroxylamine et d'acide hydroxamique.
Les 5 premiers jours apres l'eclosion, on trouve des valeurs elevees en cholesterol (500–670 mg%), en esters d'acides gras (450–620 mg%) et en phospholipides (350–377 mg%). Ces valeurs demeurent inchangees jusqu'au 7eme jour; plus tard, elles se stabilisent a 150–207 mg% de cholesterol, 200–300 mg% d'esters d'acides gras et 145–225 mg% de phospholipides.
Les valeurs elevees en lipides seriques pendant les 5 premiers jours de la vie peuvent etre attribuees au transport des lipides du sac vitellin jusqu'a l'intestin par le canal vitellin (Ductus omphaloentericus). Les lipides sont resorbes dans l'intestin et sont cause de la couleur jaune clair du foie des poussins âges de 5 a 7 jours.
Resumen
Los valores de colesterol, fosfolipidos y acidos grasos esterificados en la sangre de pollitos Leghorn blancos durante el primer mes de vida
683 pollitos se subdividieron tras la eclosion en 13 grupos de acuerdo con la edad (1–42 dias). En los distintos grupos se valoraron en el suero sanguineo los contenidos en colesterol, fosfolipidos y acidos grasos esterificados. El contenido en colesterol se valoro con la tecnica fotometrica a base de sulfato ferrico (III), el contenido en fosfolipidos con molibdato amonico y acido amino-afto-sulfonico, y el correspondiente a los acidos grasos esterificados tras su conversion con hidroxilamina y acido hidroxamico.
En los 5 primeros dias tras la eclosion se hallaron valores superiores en colesterol (500–670 mg.%), acidos grasos esterificados (450–620 mg.%) y fosfolipidos (350–577 mg.%). Hasta el 7° dia no disminuian estos valores, permaneciendo los contenidos mas adelante estables con los valores siguientes: colesterol 150–207 mg.%, acidos grasos esterificados totales 200–300 mg.%, fosfolipidos 145–225 mg.%.
Los valores aumentados de los lipidos en el suero sanguineo durante los 5 primeros dias de vida se atribuyen al transporte de los lipidos desde el saco vitelino a traves del conducto vitelino u onfaloenterico al intestino. En el intestino se resorben los lipidos y ocasionan la coloracion amarillo-clara del higado en los pollos que tienen una edad comprendida entre los 5 y 7 dias.
Five cases of patients with systemic connective tissue diseases (CTD) who developed connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) with progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) are reported here. Unspecified ILD was diagnosed using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Histologically, all cases were usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) with findings of advanced (3/5) to diffuse (2/5) fibrosis, with a partially (4/5) to completely (1/5) formed image of a honeycomb lung. The fibrosis itself spread subpleurally and periseptally to more central parts (2/5) of the lung, around the alveolar ducts (2/5), or even without predisposition (1/5). Simultaneously, there was architectural reconstruction based on the mutual fusion of fibrosis without compression of the surrounding lung parenchyma (1/5), or with its compression (4/5). The whole process was accompanied by multifocal (1/5), dispersed (2/5), or organized inflammation in aggregates and lymphoid follicles (2/5). As a result of continuous fibroproduction and maturation of the connective tissue, the alveolar septa thickened, delimiting groups of alveoli that merged into air bullae. Few indistinctly visible (2/5), few clearly visible (1/5), multiple indistinctly visible (1/5), and multiple clearly visible (1/5) fibroblastic foci were present. Among the concomitant changes, areas of emphysema, bronchioloectasia, and bronchiectasis, as well as bronchial and vessel wall hypertrophy, and mucostasis in the alveoli and edema were observed. The differences in the histological appearance of usual interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic connective tissue diseases (CTD-UIP) versus the pattern associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF-UIP) are discussed here. The main differences lie in spreading lung fibrosis, architectural lung remodeling, fibroblastic foci, and inflammatory infiltrates.
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a serious complication in patients with ischemic stroke. Senkyunolide A (SenA) can alleviate neuronal cell damage induced by cerebral I/R; however, the exact action mechanism remains unclear. An in vitro cellular injury model was established by inducing PC-12 cells with OGD/R. The viability of SenA-treated PC-12 cells with or without OGD/R induction was detected with CCK-8 assay while the cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL. The secretion of inflammatory cytokines, the activity of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential and mtROS level were measured with ELISA, ROS assay kits, JC-1 staining and MitoSOX Red assay, respectively. The level of Fe2+ was detected with Fe2+ assay kits and lipid peroxidation was detected with TBARS assay. The expressions of lipid peroxides were measured using corresponding assay kits. Western blot was used to measure the expressions of NLRP3, apoptosis-, and ferroptosis-related proteins. The transfection efficiency of OV-NLRP3 was also detected using Western blot. The present study showed that SenA could attenuate viability damage, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis and ferroptosis in OGD/R-induced PC-12 cells and it was identified that the cytoprotective effects of SenA on PC-12 cells stimulated by OGD/R may be associated with the inhibition of NLPR3. Collectively, SenA protects neuronal cells against cerebral I/R injury through the inhibition of NLRP3-mediated ferroptosis.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe and currently incurable disease that is associated with irreversible fibrotic remodeling of the lung parenchyma. Pathological remodeling of the lung leads to damage of the alveolo-capillary barrier. There is a reduction in the diffusing capacity of the lungs for respiratory gases. Later, changes in the mechanical properties of lung tissue occur - their compliance decreases and respiratory work increases. Impaired respiratory gases exchange with restrictive ventilatory failure lead to tissue hypoxia and muscle weakness. Progressive respiratory insufficiency develops. The triggers of fibrotic remodeling of the lung are currently unknown, as are the pathomechanisms that keep this process active. IPF can only be slowed pharmacologically, not reversed. It is therefore very important to start its treatment as soon as possible. Early detection of IPF patients requires a multidisciplinary approach. Diagnosis, treatment initiation, and monitoring in specialized centers offer the best chance of slowing disease progression, enhancing quality of life, and extending patient survival. In addition to antifibrotic therapy, good lifestyle management, maintenance of physical fitness and treatment of associated chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiac comorbidities are important. Lung transplantation is an option for some patients with IPF. This is a challenging treatment modality, requiring close collaboration with transplant centers and expert selection of suitable candidates, influenced, among other things, by the availability of suitable donor lungs. Our article aims to provide current information about IPF, focusing on its functional consequences and clinical manifestation. We discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms potentially involved in IPF development, as well as the morphological changes observed in lung biopsies and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images. Finally, we summarize the existing treatment options. Key words: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Lung biopsy, HRCT, Antifibrotic therapy, Lung transplantation.
Abstract Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and parallel polysomnographic study were performed in 116 adult males divided into 6 groups. Thirty blood-pressure (BP) and polysomnographic variables were measured to test their usefulness for screening for both arterial hypertension and sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). The development of severe breathing disorders and hypoxemia during sleep was attributed to SAHS, when compared with measurements in healthy controls and in patients with arterial hypertension. Such disorders manifested as an increased apnea-hypopnea index, apnea index, duration of arterial oxygen saturation of less than 85%, and decrease of average arterial oxygen saturation that correlated with nocturnal average diastolic BP (p=0.0049, p=0.0027, p=0.049 and p=0.0457, respectively). These respiratory disorders resulted in various nocturnal, rather than diurnal, and diastolic and systolic BP variables. The acute antihypertensive effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for SAHS significantly reduced the episodes of apnea and hypopnea and the secondary component of hypertension caused by excessive sympathetic stimulation. For the SAHS-induced, dose-dependent component of hypertension that responded to continuous positive airway pressure, the following variables, in decreasing significance, were useful: nocturnal average systolic and diastolic BP and 24-hour average systolic and diastolic BP, as well as percent time elevation and mean blood pressure load. The monitoring of these variables could contribute to early diagnostic and prognostic stratification of complications and adequate therapy of the secondary component of hypertension caused by SAHS.
Zusammenfassung Bei 130 Küken im Alter von 1–20 Tagen beobachtete man die Bilirubin-ausscheidung der Galle. Das Gesamt-Bilirubin in der Galle der Küken erreichte in den ersten 5 Lebenstagen über 60 mg %; davon bildete das Bilirubin-Diglukuronid (über 50 mg %) den überwiegenden Teil. Dies dokumentiert die Fähigkeit der Kükenleber unmittelbar nach dem Ausschlüpfen das freie Bilirubin mit Glukuronsäure zum Bilirubin-Diglukuronid zu konjugieren. Bei 60 Küken, die im Alter von 18–20 Tagen hungerten, stieg am dritten Tag des Hungerns der Gehalt an Gesamt-Bilirubin in der Galle auf das Zweifache (über 20 mg %), wobei diese Steigerung vor allem durch ein erhöhtes Vorkommen von Bilirubin-Diglukuronid (12 mg%) bedingt wurde. Summary Total bilirubin, free bilirubin, bilirubin-monoglucuronide and bilirubin-diglucuronide in the bile of white Leghorn chicks during post-incubation ontogenesis In 130 chicks aged 1–20 days bilirubin excretion was studied in the bile. Total bilirubin reached over 60 mg.% in the first 5 days: bilirubindiglucuronide formed the major part of this (over 50 mg.%). This confirms the ability of the chick liver, immediately after hatching, to conjugate free bilirubin with glucuronic acid to form the diglucuronide. In 60 chicks which were fasted from day 18 to day 20 the level of total bilirubin in the bile doubled on the third day (more than 20 mg.%), due mainly to a rise in bilirubin-diglucuronide (12 mg.%). Résumé Valeur de la bilirubine totale, de la bilirubine libre, du monoglucuronide de bilirubine et du diglucuronide de bilirubine dans la bile des poussins de la race Leghorn blanche pendant l'ontogenèse post-incubatrice précoce On examine chez 130 poussins âgés de 1 à 20 jours l'excrétion de la bilirubine biliaire. La teneur en bilirubine totale de la bile des poussins dépasse 60 mg % au cours des 5 premiers jours de la vie; c'est le diglucuronide de bilirubine qui en forme la fraction principale (plus de 50 mg %). Ceci nous renseigne sur la capacité du foie des poussins de conjuger immédiatement après l'éclosion la bilirubine libre avec l'acide glucuronique pour former le diglucuronide de bilirubine. Chez 60 poussins, privés de nourriture à l'âge de 18–20 jours, la teneur en bilirubine totale se trouve doublée dans la bile (plus de 20 mg %) au 3ème jour du jeûne et cette hausse est due principalement à une augmentation du diglucuronide de bilirubine (12 mg %). Resumen Valores de bilirrubina total y libre, monoglucurónide) y diglucurónido de bilirrubina en la bilis de pollitos Leghorn blanca durante la ontogenia postincubatoria precoz En 130 pollitos de 1–20 días de edad se obervó la eliminación bilirrubínica de la bilis. La bilirrubina total en la bilis de pollitos alcanzó en los 5 primeros días de vida más de 60 mg %, la mayor parte de aquí estaba formada por diglucurónido de bilirrubina (más de 50 mg %). Esto documenta la capacidad que tiene el hígado de pollito para conjugar inmediatamente después de efectuada la eclosión la bilirrubina libre con ácido glucurónico dando diglucurónido de bilirrubina. En 60 pollitos, los cuales ayunaban a la edad de 18–20 días, al tercer día de ayuno aumentaba el contenido en bilirrubina total en la bilis hasta el doble (superior a 20 mg %), siendo condicionado este aumento ante todo por la presencia elevada de diglucurónido de bilirrubina (12 mg %).
The objective of this article is to describe and classify usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) changes according to their relevance in the pathology of the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) process.In a cohort of 50 patients (25♀, 25♂) with UIP findings, the percentage ratio between fibrotic and preserved parts of the lungs was quantified.Three quantitative stages of fibrotic involvement of the lung parenchyma and concomitant changes were defined.These are initial (≤20%), advanced (21-40%), and diffuse (≥41%) fibrosis of the lungs.Histologically, temporal heterogeneity is predominant with thickened alveolar septa, interstitial fibrosis, and the presence of fibroblastic foci up to mature diffuse fibrosis with honeycomb changes.The finding is accompanied by variably mature lymphocytic inflammation, presence of macrophages, emphysema, bronchioloectasia of the alveoli, bronchiectasis, bronchial muscle wall hypertrophy, hypertrophy of the vessel walls, alveolar mucosa, focal haemorrhage, and hyalinization of the lungs.Pneumocyte hyperplasia, occasionally atypical in appearance with hobnail changes, as well as squamous metaplasia are observed.In the methodically quantified stages of fibrous involvement, 14 subjects were classified (6♀, 8♂) into the stage of initial fibrosis, 21 subjects (11♀; 10♂) into the stage of advanced fibrosis, and 15 subjects (8♀; 7♂) into the stage of diffuse fibrosis.
