Introduction: One of the main mechanisms by which diabetic complications occur is an alteration of the structure and function of proteins due to hyperglycemia. Aspirin (ASA) affects cellular pathways through different mechanisms, including glycation inhibition and antioxidant activity. The aim of the present study, as a follow up to our previous one, is to investigate the effect of long-term, high-dose ASA therapy on mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in the kidneys and brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Its effect on liver toxicity of the rats was also investigated. Materials and Methods: High dose of ASA (100 mg/kg in drinking water) was administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats during the twelve-week study period. After that, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and the tissues were retained -80 °C. Then the activity of respiratory chain complexes and the mentioned enzyme were measured in the brain, kidney, liver and serum of rats. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with ASA could significantly compensate for the decreased activity of complex III respiratory chain in the kidneys. In addition, the activity of the liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH) in the serum of diabetic rats was significantly reduced by administration of ASA. However, there were no other significant functional changes observed in the kidney and brain respiratory chains complexes and the mentioned enzymes in liver. Conclusion: In conclusion, ASA therapy has a beneficial effect on the mitochondrial complexes and some serum enzymes in diabetic rats.
Background: Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus can have devastating consequences. The role of functional foods in controlling and even preventing diabetes mellitus is prominent, and adjunct therapies can be helpful in controlling some of the consequences of diabetes.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether gallic acid, as a functional food, as well as cold atmospheric plasma, as an adjunct therapy, have an effect on the levels of some antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory factors, and the levels of oxidizing agent and blood glucose.Methods: In this study, 30 healthy individuals, as the control group, and 30 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Samples of people with diabetes were examined before and after treatment with gallic acid and cold atmospheric plasma (cold argon plasma jet for 10 minutes). Levels of interleukin 2 and 13 and NF-κB, as inflammatory factors, glutathione reductase, paraoxonase, and lipoprotein lipase, as antioxidants, hydrogen peroxide and blood glucose were assessed in untreated and treated diabetic groups and control group according to kit instructions.Results: Comparison of the results of the levels of inflammatory factors, antioxidants, blood glucose, and hydrogen peroxide showed a significant difference (P value < 0.05) between the diabetic and control groups. Treatment of diabetic specimens with plasma and gallic acid showed a significant increase (P value < 0.05) in glutathione reductase, paraoxonase, and NF-κB levels compared to the untreated diabetic group.Conclusions: The results showed that concomitant use of gallic acid, as well as plasma therapy, could be effective on NF-κB, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonase levels.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Cold plasma, Inflammatory factors, Gallic acid
Abstract Objective Apelin, an adipocytokine, is up-regulated by insulin and suppresses pancreatic insulin secretion. One of the key microRNAs in insulin resistance caused by obesity, is microRNA-107. MicroRNA-375 is expressed in the pancreatic islet cells. We aimed to explore apelin-13 and microRNA-107 and 375 in obese women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods Fifty obese women with newly diagnosed T2D and 50 non-diabetic obese women, as controls, were selected. Quantitative PCR and ELISA were used to measure the expression of microRNA-107 and 375 and Apelin-13 concentration, respectively. The role of apelin-13 was investigated in an in vitro model. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Apelin-13 levels in diabetics were significantly more than controls (p=0.012). The expressions of microRNA-107 and 375 of diabetic group were increased, in comparison to the control group. There was no correlation between apelin-13 and microRNA-107 and 375 in diabetic and control groups. Significant correlations between apelin-13 and serotonin (p<0.001) and estimated average glucose (p<0.02) and insulin (p<0.03) were only observed in the diabetic group. Conclusion Serum levels of apelin-13 and circulating microRNA-107 and 375 could be used as biomarkers for diabetes, particularly in obese subjects. However, more study is needed in this field.
There are different methods for insulin administration in diabetic patient. Nano-hydrogel is one of the most talented drug carrier for its sensitivity to environmental stimulus.NIPAAm-MAA-HEM copolymers were synthesized by radical chain reaction. The copolymers were characterized with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transient electron microscopy (TEM). Copolymers were loaded with regular insulin by modified double emulsion method. Diabetic rats are used for feeding insulin-loaded nanohydrogel. Analysis of the results from the measurement of the amount of blood insulin from the rats blood that received insulin in nanohydrogel loaded form compared with rats that received pure insulin is significantly high, which confirm that insulin has been able to pass from the stomach acid barrier by nanohydrogel and is absorbed from the intestine. Blood sugar levels from tested rats indicate that with increasing amount of insulin, blood sugar levels fall down.Our study confirms that insulin has been able to pass from the stomach acid barrier by nanohydrogel and be absorbed from the intestine.
Background: Squalene is a 30-carbon (as a polyunsaturated triterpene) compound that has been suggested to have several benefits. In recent years, its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have been studied.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of squalene on different days on the changes in the levels of inflammatory cytokines and antibodies in people with type 2 diabetes and then compare it.Methods: In this study, 4 groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 1 control group were selected. 4 groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into 1 diabetic group without squalene consumption for 84 days and 3 diabetic groups treated with squalene in doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg, respectively for 84 days. The levels of Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-4, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and as well as the glucose of all participants were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: On days 14 and 28, a statistically significant difference (P value < 0.05) was observed in the level of Interleukin-1 alpha and Interleukin-4 in groups 3, 4 and 5 compared to group 2. This significant difference in the levels of interleukin-1 beta and immunoglobulin A was observed only on days 56 and 84. No statistically significant difference (P value > 0.05) was observed in the levels of immunoglobulins G, M, and glucose during the consumption of squalene between the groups.Conclusions: According to the time and dose, squalene can be effective in reducing inflammatory factors and increasing immunoglobulin A. However, additional studies are needed for the action mechanism and the effect of squalene.Keywords: squalene, triterpene, interleukin, immunoglobulin, diabetes mellitus
Aims: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion or the insulin present being unable to perform its function properly. Consistent with the beneficial effects of probiotics and their ability to lower glucose levels, an impact on diabetes treatment is also expected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus casei on various either biochemical parameters in a diabetic mice model.Methods: In the present study, 24 mice were divided into diabetic and control groups. Further, each group was categorised into two subgroups. The diabetic and control subgroups were fed carrot juice or Lactobacillus casei in carrot juice. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ). For 30 days, the mice were fed 2 ml carrot juice, and Lactobacillus casei in carrot juice (with lactobacillus 109 cfu/ml) by gavage. Then, blood samples were collected to assay biochemical parameters.Results: The results of this study showed that Lactobacillus casei (ATCC39392) significantly reduced blood glucose (BG) levels in diabetic mice receiving the probiotic, but did not cause a significant change in BG levels in control mice receiving the probiotic. When comparing insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and C-peptide in the four groups, it was found that insulin and C-peptide were significantly different in all groups except for the control group treated with a mixture of probiotic Lactobacillus casei and carrot juice.Conclusion: Our results showed that probiotic Lactobacillus casei effectively reduces BG levels in diabetic mice treated with this bacterium.
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