The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) can inspire both the public and the scientific community. Knowing about ancient human genomes and comparing them with those of modern humans can give us a new perspective on evolution and the migration of humans over time. aDNA is DNA isolated from ancient specimens. It can also be loosely described as any DNA recovered from biological samples that have not been preserved specifically for later DNA analysis. Examples include DNA recovered from archaeological and historical skeletal material, mummified tissues, archival collections of non-frozen medical specimens, preserved plant remains, ice and permafrost cores, Holocene plankton in marine and lake sediments, and so on. Due to considerable anthropological, archaeological, and public interest, human remains receive ample attention from the DNA community. Genetic genealogy is the use of DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogical methods to infer relationships between individuals and to find ancestors. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level and type of genetic relationship between individuals. DNA markers such as autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Y SNPs, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) SNPs are used. By analyzing the sequence of mtDNA and the Y-chromosome, the path of human migration throughout history and the common ancestor of humans can be identified. mtDNA analysis is a field of research in genetics and molecular archaeology that is efficient in less than ideal conditions, such as with biologically degraded materials. The mtDNA molecule not only has a high copy number, but it can also be extracted from very decayed biological specimens. Its D-loop region is polymorphic, consisting of two hypervariable regions (HVI and HVII) with a large variety in different human populations. The analysis of such mtDNA regions using ancient excavated human bones will determine the genetic composition of human mtDNA known as haplogroups and can be used to identify ancient ethnic groups, trace descendants of ancestors, and follow man’s migration trails.
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast tumor which comprises 24% of newly diagnosed tumors that lacks hormone receptor expression and HER2 gene amplification. This study illustrated the pathological features of triple negative breast cancer with special reference to the landmark research that molecularly characterize this subtype of breast cancer. Additionally, this article discusses functional problems with arisen in clinical routine as a result of advent genetic expression breast cancer profiling and it's novel prognostic and predictive effects on triple-negative breast cancer pathology. Additionally, histopathological features of triple-negative neoplasms are discussed, emphasizing the critical nature of histologic detection in specific cancer subtypes with a significant effect on clinical results. Notably, emphasis is placed on the emerging clinical frontier represented by immunotherapy, with special emphasis on the implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitors in TNBC therapy and their effect on potential treatments.
Background: DNA markers are inevitable tools of human identification in forensic science. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are one category of these markers which is concerned to use especially in the case of degraded DNA because of their short amplicons. Objectives: Detection of highly informative SNPs by the criteria is the essential step to develop a useful panel of SNP markers. The purpose of this work is to get high informative SNPs for human identification in Persian ethnic of the Iranian population. Material and Methods: Genotype and allele frequencies of 10 SNPs from the SNPforID browser were determined by a PCR-RFLP method on 100 samples that was taken from 100 unrelated Persian people. Results: These ten SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P value > 0.1) except rs1355366 (P value = 0.02) and Heterozygosity of seven SNPs is greater than 0.45 but minor allele frequency of only four SNPs is more than 0.45. According to criteria only three SNPs rs1454361, rs2111980 and rs2107612 can pass all standards and are highly informative in population for forensic uses. Conclusions: Our data showed that the CPI (Combined probability of Identity) and CPE (Combined Power of Exclusion) for ten SNPs are 1.13 E-04 and 0.809 respectively. It was also showed based on the criteria only three SNPs (rs2107612, rs1454361 and rs2111980) are highly informative in Persian population. If we can find 39 SNPs with PE and PI close to PE and PI of these three SNPs (rs2107612, rs1454361 and rs2111980), we will be able to use of these 39 SNPs in human identification with sufficient power of discrimination.
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