Introduction
Three cases of M. ozzardi infection from 2 suburban communities in Iquitos, Peru, led to a suspicion of local transmission. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of filariasis by M. ozzardi and its associated factors among these communities.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was performed, as well as an epidemiological survey and a thick smear blood test. Larvae and mosquitoes were collected. The adjusted OR (aOR) using multiple logistic regression was calculated.
Results
A total of 433 participants were enrolled; 58% were women. The prevalence of M. ozzardi was 1.4% and the associated factors included being a fisherman (aOR: 8.7; 95%CI: 1.1–76.0) and being on the Alto Nanay river (aOR: 11.2; 95%CI: 1.2–112.5). No significant evidence of simulidos or culicoides was found.
Conclusion
The low prevalence of M. ozzardi found suggests a foreign infection, probably derived from the Alto Nanay river.
Abstract Significant inter-crop variation in the abundance of phlebotomine sandflies, mostly Lutzomyia verrucarum Townsend, and five aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was demonstrated by repeated castor oil sticky trap collections in two valleys in the Peruvian Andes. Sandfly populations were significantly higher in fruit crops than in ground crops. Sticky trap collections also proved to be a suitable method for measuring aphid relative abundance in crops. As aphid honeydew is a natural sugar source for phlebotomine sandflies, the relationship between the activities of sandflies and aphids was investigated in inter-crop comparisons. Significant correlations were detected between sandfly abundance and two of the major aphid species, Aphis gossypii Glover and Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), in one valley, but indirect explanations for these apparent associations cannot be ruled out.
During May 1998, we conducted a case-control study of 357 participants from 60 households during an outbreak of acute bartonellosis in the Urubamba Valley, Peru, a region not previously considered endemic for this disease. Blood and insect specimens were collected and environmental assessments were done. Case-patients (n = 22) were defined by fever, anemia, and intra-erythrocytic coccobacilli seen in thin smears. Most case-patients were children (median age = 6.5 years). Case-patients more frequently reported sand fly bites than individuals of neighboring households (odds ratio [OR] = 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-39.2), or members from randomly selected households > or = 5 km away (OR = 8.5, 95% CI = 1.7-57.9). Bartonella bacilliformis isolated from blood was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing (citrate synthase [g/tA], 338 basepairs). Using bacterial isolation (n = 141) as the standard, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of thin smears were 36%, 96%, and 44%, respectively. Patients with clinical syndromes compatible with bartonellosis should be treated with appropriate antibiotics regardless of thin-smear results.
Evidence that domestic dogs may act as reservoir hosts for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes is provided by the isolation, for the first time, from naturally infected dogs of parasites identified (by isoenzymes) as Leishmania peruviana. Leishmania parasites were isolated from nasal aspirates or biopsies from 5 (1·8%) of 279 asymptomatic dogs sampled in endemic villages of the Peruvian Andes. In addition, Leishmania (Viannia) infections were identified in 15 (5·4%) of 276 nasal samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using subgenus-specific primers. Further circumstantial evidence for a reservoir role for dogs comes from the finding of a relatively high dog blood index among the sandfly vectors collected inside houses (29% for Lutzomyia peruensis and 17% for Lu. verrucarum). Possible wild mammal reservoir hosts for Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis were also detected in endemic villages. At least 8 species were identified among the 1266 small mammals trapped. Leishmania parasites were isolated from blood or skin biopsies taken from 2 (2·6%) of 78 Didelphis albiventris and 6 (1·2%) of 511 Phyllotis andinum. Three isolates were identified by isoenzymes as L. peruviana, and the other 5 were identified by PCR as Leishmania (Viannia) species. Leishmania (Viannia) infections were also identified by PCR directly on skin biopsies taken from 2 (2·8%) of 72 D. albiventris, 1 (0·2%) of 499 P. andinum, and 4 (2·6%) of 153 Akodon sp.
Journal Article Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana isolated from the sandfly Lutzomyia peruensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and a sentinel hamster in the Huayllacallán Valley, Ancash, Peru Get access J.Enrique Perez, J.Enrique Perez Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Pablo Villaseca, Pablo Villaseca Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Abraham Caceres, Abraham Caceres Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Martin Lopez, Martin Lopez Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Aldo Zolessi, Aldo Zolessi Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Miguel Campos, Miguel Campos Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Humberto Guerra, Humberto Guerra Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 5045, Lima-100, PerúCentro de Investigación en Salud Dr Hugo Lumbreras C., Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 85, Issue 1, January-February 1991, Page 60, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(91)90158-U Published: 01 January 1991 Article history Received: 25 April 1990 Revision received: 07 September 1990 Accepted: 11 September 1990 Published: 01 January 1991
In order to establish the genetic variability of Aedes aegypti determined by the analysis of the MT-ND4 gene, in eleven endemic regions for dengue in Peru, 51 samples of Ae. Aegypti were tested. The genetic variability was determined through the amplification and sequencing of a fragment of 336 base-pairs of MT ND4, the analysis of intra-specific phylogeny was conducted with the Network Ver. 4.6.10 program; and the phylogenetic analysis, with the Neighbor Joining distance method. The presence of five haplotypes of Ae. Aegypti grouped in two lineages was identified: the first one includes haplotypes 1, 3 and 5, and the second one comprises haplotypes 2 and 4. The geographic distribution of each of the haplotypes found is also shown. It is concluded that this variability is caused by the active migration of this vector and the human activity-mediated passive migration.