Abstract Objective : To analyze the real-world growth pattern of very premature infants (VPI) with small for gestational age (SGA) after birth by using the ΔZ value of weight at discharge and evaluate the occurrence and risk factors of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR). Methods : The clinical data of VPI with SGA were prospectively collected from 28 hospitals in seven different regions of China from September 2019 to December 2020. They were divided into the EUGR group and the non-EUGR group according to the criterion of ΔZ value of weight at discharge < –1.28. Results : This study included 133 eligible VPI with SGA. Following the criterion for the weight at discharge as the 10 th percentile of the Fenton curve, the incidence of EUGR was found to be 98.50% (131/133), and following the criterion of ΔZ value of weight at discharge < –1.28, the incidence of EUGR was 36.84% (49/133). The birth weight, the 5-minute Apgar score, and the proportion of male infants in the EUGR group were lower than those in the non-EUGR group ( P < 0.05). The average invasive ventilation time, cumulative duration of the administration of antibiotics, blood transfusion time, blood transfusion ratio, and total days of hospitalization were significantly higher in the EUGR group than those in the non-EUGR group ( P < 0.05). The time to start enteral feeding, the quantity of milk added with human milk fortifier (HMF), the time to reach full fortification, the cumulative fasting time, the time to reach full enteral feeding, the duration of parenteral nutrition (PN), days to reach the target total calorie intake and oral calorie intake (both 110 kcal/kg/d), and the age of recovering birth weight in the EUGR group were significantly higher than that in the non-EUGR group ( P < 0.05). The average weight gain velocity (GV) was significantly lower in the EUGR group than that in the non-EUGR group ( P < 0.001). The incidences of patent ductus arteriosus with hemodynamic changes (hsPDA), neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) ³ stage 2, late-onset sepsis (LOS), and feeding intolerance (FI) in the EUGR group were significantly higher than that in the non-EUGR group ( P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that birth weight, sex (male), and GV were the protective factors for EUGR, while a long time to achieve full-dose fortification, slow recovery of birth weight, and NEC ³ stage 2 were the independent risk factors. Conclusion : SGA in VPI can reflect the occurrence of EUGR more accurately by using the ΔZ value of weight at discharge than using the p-value of weight. Strengthening enteral nutrition support, achieving full breast milk fortification more earlier increasing GV, shortening the recovery time of birth weight, and avoiding NEC can effectively reduce the incidence of EUGR.
In recent years, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases 1 (bla NDM-1) has been reported with increasing frequency and become prevalent. The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiological dissemination of the bla NDM-1 gene in Enterobacter cloacae isolates at a teaching hospital in Yunnan, China.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK 2 system and E test gradient strips. The presence of integrons and insertion sequence common region 1 were examined by PCR and sequencing. Clonal relatedness was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing. Conjugation experiments and Southern blot hybridization were performed to determine the transferability of plasmids.Ten E. cloacae isolates and their Escherichia coli transconjugants were exhibited similar resistant patterns to carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. 8 (80%) of E. cloacae isolates carried class 1 integron and 1 (12.5%) carried class 2 integron. Integron variable regions harbored the genes which encoded resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, aac(6')-Ib-cr), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (dfrA17, dfrA12, dfrA15) and Streptozotocin (sat2). Six E. cloacae isolates belonged to ST74 and exhibited highly similar PFGE patterns. Each isolate shared an identical plasmid with ~33.3 kb size that carried the bla NDM-1 gene, except T3 strain, of which the bla NDM-1 gene was located on a ~50 kb plasmid.Our findings suggested that plasmid was able to contribute to the dissemination of bla NDM-1. Hence, more attention should be devoted to monitor the dissemination of the bla NDM-1 gene due to its horizontal transfer via plasmid. In addition, nosocomial surveillance system should actively monitor the potential endemic clone of ST74 to prevent their further spread.
To establish a new method for evaluating the brain maturation of preterm infants based on the features of electroencephalographic activity.A prospective study was conducted on the video electroencephalography (vEEG) and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) recordings within 7 days after birth of preterm infants who had a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 25-36 weeks and met the inclusion criteria. The background activity of aEEG+conventional electroencephalography (cEEG) was scored according to the features of brain maturation as a new evaluation system and was compared with the aEEG evaluation system. The correlations of the evaluation results of the two methods with gestational age (GA), PMA, and head circumference were evaluated. The intervals of the total scores of aEEG+cEEG and aEEG were calculated for preterm infants with different PMAs and were compared between groups. The consistency of the new scoring system was evaluated among different raters.A total of 52 preterm infants were included. The total scores of aEEG+cEEG and aEEG were positively correlated with GA, PMA, and head circumference (P<0.05), and the correlation coefficient between the total scores of the two systems and PMA and GA was >0.9. The normal score intervals for aEEG+cEEG and aEEG scoring systems were determined in preterm infants with different PMAs as follows: infants with a PMA of less than 28 weeks had scores of 13.0 (11.0, 14.0) points for aEEG+cEEG and 6.0 (4.0, 7.0) points for aEEG; infants with a PMA between 28 and 29+6 weeks had scores of 16.0 (14.5, 17.0) points for aEEG+cEEG and 8.0 (6.0, 8.0) points for aEEG; infants with a PMA between 30 and 31+6 weeks had scores of 18.0 (17.0, 21.0) points for aEEG+cEEG and 9.0 (8.0, 10.0) points for aEEG; infants with between 32 and 33+6 weeks had scores of 22.0 (20.0, 24.5) points for aEEG+cEEG and 10.0 (10.0, 10.8) points for aEEG; infants with a PMA between 34 and 36 weeks had scores of 26.0 (24.5, 27.5) points for aEEG+cEEG and 11.0 (10.0, 12.0) points for aEEG. There were significant differences in the total scores of aEEG+cEEG and aEEG among the different PMA groups (P<0.05). There was a high consistency between different raters when using the scoring system to evaluate the brain maturation of preterm infants (κ=0.86).The aEEG+cEEG scoring system established in this study can quantitatively reflect the brain maturation of preterm infants, with a good discriminatory ability between preterm infants with different PMAs and high consistency between different raters.目的: 基于早产儿脑电活动特征建立一种新的早产儿脑电成熟度评价方法。方法: 前瞻性收集经后龄（postmenstrual age，PMA）25~36周符合纳入标准的早产儿生后7 d内视频脑电图和同步振幅整合脑电图（amplitude-integrated electroencephalography，aEEG）的监测资料。将aEEG与常规脑电图（conventional electroencephalography，cEEG）背景活动指标（aEEG+cEEG）按发育成熟规律赋分作为新的评价体系，并与单一aEEG评价方法比较，分析二者与胎龄（gestational age，GA）、PMA、头围的相关性。计算不同PMA早产儿aEEG+cEEG总分和aEEG总分的分值区间，比较组间差异。在不同评价者之间对新评分体系进行一致性分析。结果: 共纳入52例早产儿。aEEG+cEEG总分、aEEG总分分别与GA、PMA、头围呈显著正相关（均P<0.05），与PMA和GA的相关系数均>0.9。aEEG+cEEG评价方法和单一aEEG评价方法在不同PMA早产儿中正常分值区间分别为：<28周组为13.0（11.0，14.0）、6.0（4.0，7.0）分，28~29+6周组为16.0（14.5，17.0）、8.0（6.0，8.0）分，30~31+6周组为18.0（17.0，21.0）、9.0（8.0，10.0）分，32~33+6周组为22.0（20.0，24.5）、10.0（10.0，10.8）分，34~36周组为26.0（24.5，27.5）、11.0（10.0，12.0）分。不同PMA早产儿组间aEEG+cEEG总分和aEEG总分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同评价者之间应用该评分体系进行早产儿成熟度评价时一致性高（κ=0.86）。结论: 该研究所建立的脑电评分体系可以定量反映早产儿脑电发育的成熟度，不同PMA组间有很好的区分度，在不同评价者之间应用一致性高。.
Abstract Objective : This study compared the clinical effects of two different lipid emulsions in premature infants with gestational age < 32 weeks (VPI) or birth weight < 1500 g (VLBWI) to provide an evidence-based medicine basis for optimizing intravenous lipid emulsion. Methods : This was a prospective multicenter randomized controlled study. A total of 465 VPIs or VLBWIs, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of five tertiary hospitals in China from March 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021, were recruited. All subjects were randomly allocated into two groups, namely, medium-chain triglycerides/long-chain triglycerides (MCT/LCT) group ( n = 231) and soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF) group ( n = 234). The two groups were compared for clinical features, biochemical indexes, nutrition support therapy, and complications. Results : No significant differences were found in perinatal data, hospitalization, parenteral and enteral nutrition support between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Compared with the MCT/LCT group, the peak value of total bilirubin (TB) > 5 mg/dL (84/231 [36.4% vs. 60/234 [25.6%]), the peak value of direct bilirubin (DB) ≥ 2 mg/dL (26/231 [11.3% vs. 14/234 [6.0%]), the peak value of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) > 900 IU/L (17/231 [7.4% vs. 7/234 [3.0%]), and the peak value of triglycerides (TG) > 3.4 mmol/L (13/231 [36.4% vs. 60/234 [25.6%]) were lower in the SMOF group ( P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that in the subgroup analysis of < 28 weeks, the incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) and metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) were lower in the SMOF group ( P = 0.043 and 0.029, respectively), whereas no significant differences were present in the incidence of PNAC and MBDP between the two groups at > 28 weeks group ( P = 0.177 and 0.991, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the incidence of PNAC (a RR : 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20–0.70, P = 0.002) and MBDP (a RR : 0.12, 95% CI: 0.19–0.81, P = 0.029) in the SMOF group were lower than that in the MCT/LCT group. In addition, no significant differences were recorded in the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell’s stage ≥ 2), late-onset sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity and extrauterine growth retardation between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusions : The application of multi-oil fat emulsion in VPI or VLBWI can reduce the risk of plasma TB > 5 mg/dL, DB ≥ 2 mg/dL, ALP > 900 IU/L, and TG > 3.4 mmol/L during hospitalization. SMOF has better lipid tolerance, reduces the incidence of PNAC and MBDP, and exerts more benefits in preterm infants with gestational age < 28 weeks.
To discuss the value of intrapartum operation in management of birth defects and the prognosis.From August 2008 to November 2009, 11 fetuses were identified with birth defects through 3D color Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by MRI and fetal karyotype in the Maternal Fetal Medicine Center, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University including three lymphangiomas, two congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH), one sacrococcygeal teratoma, three omphalocele and two gastroschisi. All the above identified birth defects were indications for surgery. All fetuses were born abdominally and received intrapartum operations, including three intrapartum fetal operations with placental infusion (two repairs of CDH, one sacrococcygeal teratoma resection), six ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT; two repairs of omphalocele, two repairs of gastroschisi, two lymphangioma resection) and two surgeries in house (one omphalocele repair and one lymphangioma resection). Both the mothers and fetuses were regularly followed up.(1) OPERATIONS: the average operating time for the three intrapartum fetal operations was 89 minutes, 5.5 minutes for the six EXIT, during which EXIT was performed first, followed by blocking the umbilical circulation and neonatal surgery, and 37 minutes for the two surgeries in house. All neonates survived except for one death from severe CDH at 3.5 hours after the operation. The average blood loss for cesarean section and fetal operation was 275 ml. All mothers recovered soon without fever or infection and were discharged three to five days after the operation. (2) Follow-ups: the ten survived neonates were followed up at 1-18 months at the pediatric clinics and all were growing and developing normally except for one baby with gastroschisi suffered from enteral torsion and feeding intolerance showed lower weight than babies at the same age, but caught up to normal at four months old after posture therapy. One baby with mild CDH developed pulmonary infection at two months after operation with 1/4 pneumothorax on chest X-ray, and were hospitalized for two weeks. At six months old, patent ductus arteriosus was diagnosed in the same baby and chest X-ray was normal. The baby with omphalocele was complicated with ventricular septal defect before operation and the cardiac function was normal during follow-ups for one year. The baby with sacrococcygeal teratoma was reported to have no automatic micturition, but recovered to normal at one month of age.Babies with certain birth defects can be managed through intrapartum operation with better outcomes.
The management of enteral nutrition in very preterm infants (VPIs) is still controversial, and there is no consensus on the optimal time point after birth at which enteral nutrition can be started. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early initiation of enteral nutrition on the short-term clinical outcomes of VPIs.Data of infants (n = 2514) born before 32 wk of gestation were collected from 28 hospitals located in seven different regions of China. Based on whether enteral feeding was initiated within or after 24 h since birth, the infants were divided into an early initiation of enteral feeding (EIEF) group and a delayed initiation of enteral feeding (DIEF) group.Compared with the DIEF group, the EIEF group was more likely to tolerate enteral nutrition and had less need for parenteral nutrition (all P < 0.05). The EIEF group was associated with lower incidence rates of feeding intolerance, extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), and late-onset sepsis (LOS) (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (Bell stage ≥2) between the two groups (P = 0.118). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that EIEF was a protective factor against EUGR (odds ratio [OR], 0.621; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.544-0.735; P < 0.001), feeding intolerance (OR, 0.658; 95% CI, 0.554-0.782; P < 0.001), and LOS (OR, 0.706; 95% CI, 0.550-0.906; P = 0.006).Early initiation of enteral feeding was associated with less frequency of feeding intolerance, EUGR, and LOS, and it may shorten the time to reach total enteral feeding without increasing the risk of NEC.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common long-term complication in surviving extremely preterm infants. This may lead to pulmonary hypertension, increase late neonatal mortality, and cause abnormal neural development. There is still controversy over the efficacy, as well as advantages and disadvantages, of drug therapy for BPD in preterm infants. This article reviews the research progress in the drug therapy for BPD.
Objective To evaluate the b value of diffusion-weighted(DW)MRI in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast lesions.Methods Three diffusion-weighted sequences were implemented with 500,1000 and 2000 s/mm~2 b values respectively on 95 breast lesions in 83 patients.All lesions were confirmed by pathology.The apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)values and signal intensity (SI)were recorded and compared in different lesions(breast cancer,benign lesion,cyst and normal beast tissue)with the same b value and the same lesions with the different b values.Results(1)The mean ADC value and SI of breast cancer were 1.375±0.378 and 839.713±360.493 respectively with b= 500 s/mm~2,1.176±0.311 and 459.314±229.609 with b=1000 s/mm~2,0.824±0.198 and 243.825± 110.616 with b=2000 s/mm~2.The differences in the mean ADC value were significant between two type lesions(cancer and benign lesion,cancer and cyst,cancer and normal breast tissue)with b values of 500 s/mm~2 and 1000 s/mm~2.But the significant differenee was only seen between cancer and benign lesions when b value was 2000 s/mm~2.(2)The one-side upper limits of 95% confidence interval of mean ADCs were adopted as the point to separate the malignant from the benign lesions,the sensitivity was 70.92%, 70.73% and 69.77%,the specificity was 77.19%,75.70% and 54.76%,the accuracy was 77.12%, 74.32% and 62.35% respectively with b values of 500 s/mm~2,1000 s/mm~2 and 2000 s/mm~2.The areas under ROC eurves were Az_(500)=0.775±0.046(P0.01),Az_(1000)=0.780±0.044(P0.01)and Az_(2000)=0.620±0.062(P0.05).Conclusion DWI MRI is useful for the differential diagnosis of breast lesions with b values of 500 s/mm~2 and 1000 s/mm~2.
To evaluate the role and the performance of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) for predicting the early response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in local advanced breast cancer (LABC) and to assess the accuracy of DWI in evaluating residual lesion after NAC.88 women with LABC (89 lesions) underwent DWI before and after the first and final cycle of NAC. For each patient, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were compared between the baseline and follow-up to predict the early response to NAC. The residual tumor volumes were obtained using 3D maximum intensity projections (MIP) of DWI map, and were compared with pathological findings to assess the accuracy of DWI in detecting and measuring residual tumor. All results were proved or analyzed comparing with the data from histopathology.There were 68 lesions responding to NAC, while 21 non-responders. The baseline ADC values of responders and non-responders were (1.049 +/- 0.135) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s and (1.171 +/- 0.134) x 10(-3)mm(2)/s, respectively, with a significant difference (t = -2.731, P = 0.009 < 0.01). The ADC value measured prior to treatment was (1.087 +/- 0.146) x 10(-3)mm(2)/s, and the degree of the changes in tumor volume after NAC was (70.4% +/- 55.1)%. A negative correlation was observed (r = -0.430, P = 0.025 < 0.05). In the response group, there was a significant difference in ADC value between prior to NAC and 1st cycle of NAC, the final cycle of NAC, respectively (P < 0.001). While no significant differences were found in non-responders during NAC (P > 0.05). The tumor volume correlation coefficient between DWI and pathology measurements was very high (r = 0.749, P < 0.01).DWI appears to provide functional information regarding changes in ADC value of tumors due to NAC. DWI may be useful in monitoring the early pathological response of tumor after the initiation of treatment and in evaluating the residual tumor after NAC.
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