Predicting survival in dogs with parvoviral enteritis with urine biomarkers Discussion: So far only two studies have been published regarding urinary protein excretion in dogs with parvoviral enteritis (van den Berg et al 2018, Oikonomidis et al 2019), and none regarding fractional excretion of electrolytes and ferritin concentrations.The study of Oikonomidis et al (2019) focused on urine albumin and albumin/Creatinine ratio, and that of van den Berg et al ( 2018) included urinary immunoglobulin G, C-reactive protein, RBP and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, all of which including UPC were significantly higher in infected dogs compared to healthy controls, however the value of these parameters regarding outcome was not investigated.In a group of dogs with SIRS due to varying pathologies, it was shown that UPC and RBP/Creatinine ratios were higher compared to healthy controls (Schaefer et al 2011), and in a group of dogs with AKI it was found that nonsurvivors had increased FE of electrolytes (Troia et al 2018).Further studies are required in order to evaluate the predictive value of the parameters in our study in parvoviral enteritis and sepsis, however results seem promising regarding RBP/Creatinine ratio and FE. Objectives:The aim of this prospective study was to predict survival to discharge in dogs with parvoviral enteritis by measuring certain biomarkers in urine.
A 13-year-old female neutered domestic short-hair cat was presented with chronic progressive vestibular ataxia, lethargy and anorexia. Clinical examination revealed bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge. Neurological examination revealed obtundation, a right head tilt, ambulatory tetraparesis, generalised vestibular ataxia, decreased postural reactions in all limbs, right Horner's syndrome, spontaneous conjugate jerk rotatory nystagmus and right positional ventral strabismus. Neuroanatomical localisation was observed in the right central vestibular system. Computed tomography revealed a solitary ill-defined contrast-enhancing mass lesion at the level of the right cerebellopontine angle. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed mild mononuclear pleocytosis and fungal elements. CSF culture was positive for Curvularia spp. Further tests for underlying diseases were all negative. The cat was treated with antibiotic and antifungal treatment, but it deteriorated rapidly and was euthanased. Necropsy of the brainstem mass lesion revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation. Panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and subsequent sequencing identified Curvularia lunata in the formalin fixed brain tissue. This is the first report of brainstem phaeohyphomycosis by Curvularia lunata (Pleosporales) in a cat. In addition, this is the first report among animal and humans where fungal elements of Curvularia lunata were found in the CSF cytology. Opportunistic fungal pathogens should be always considered within the differential diagnoses list in cats with neurological signs and advanced imaging findings compatible with solitary mass lesions in the brain. In feline patients with pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis and a suspicion of a fungal aetiology, panfungal PCR for the ITS region and sequencing should be performed regardless of the absence of fungal elements in histopathology.
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The purpose of the current study was to describe seizure types, aetiology, treatment response and outcome in 30cats with recurrent seizures. This retrospective case series study included the medical records of client-owned cats, admitted to the Clinic of Companion Animals for seizure disorders, from 2002 to 2018. Recorded data included history, seizure type, physical and neurological examination findings, blood pressure measurements, complete blood counts, serum biochemistry profile and urinalysis, tentative/final diagnosis, treatment, hospitalization and longterm outcome. A total of 298 feline neurology cases were examined during the study period. Of those, 38 cases were admitted for seizure disorders and 30 met the inclusion criteria. Median age on admission was 38,2 months (3,1 years) (range 2 months- 14 years old).Seizure types, as per owner description, were generalized (26 cats), focal with secondary generalization (3 cats), focal (2 cats) and complex (1 cat). Cluster seizures appeared at least once in 18/30 and status epilepticus in 7/30. Different seizure types were also recorded in individual cases. Fifteen cats (15/30) were hospitalized at least once and the duration of hospitalization ranged from 1-10 days. In most cases, in which diagnosis was established, epilepsy wassecondary (25/30), due to previous head trauma(11/30),metabolic (1/30), or inflammatory (4/30) disease, arterial hypertension (3/30), toxicosis (3/30) and intracranial neoplasia (2/30).Congenital hydrocephalus was detected in 1 cat. Tentative diagnosis could not be established in 5cats; however differential diagnosis included inflammatory or neoplastic encephalopathies.Antiepileptic drug monotherapy (phenobarbital or levetiracetam) was sufficient to control the seizures in 14 cases, while administration of combination therapy with 2 or more antiepileptic drugs was required in 5 cases (phenobarbital, levetiracetam, gabapentin). Successful control was achieved in 11/30 animals for 1-5 years. Seven cats required intensive care at least once due to status epilepticus. Until today, eighteen (18/30) cats are still alive and 11 died or were euthanized.Although in most cases epilepsy was secondary, seizure control was adequate and quality of life (QoL) was improved with antiepileptic drugs when metabolic, inflammatory and neoplastic encephalopathies were excluded.
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A 3 year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog presented with abdominal distension due to a large mass, detected during abdominal palpation and confirmed by abdominal imaging. Cytological examination of the mass was suggestive of pyogranulomatous inflammation. During exploratory laparotomy, extensive peritoneal adhesions and multifocal nodular lesions on the liver, spleen and omentum were revealed. One week later, the dog deteriorated and was euthanized. Numerous firm masses were observed in the liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, small and large intestine during necropsy. The lungs, heart, and ocular structures were macroscopically normal. Histopathology results (surgery and necropsy) revealed fungal hyphae enclosed in the pyogranulomatous lesions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products showed 100% homology with Aspergillus fumigatus and agar gel double diffusion was positive for IgG antibodies against the same fungus.
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