Cisplatin induced vomiting involves multiple mechanisms in its genesis and a single antiemetic agent do not cover both the phases (acute & delayed) of vomiting in clinics; necessitating the use of antiemetics in combination. Cannabis sativa and other selected plants have ethnopharmacological significance in relieving emesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the intrinsic antiemetic profile of Cannabis sativa (CS), Bacopa monniera (BM, family Scrophulariaceae), and Zingiber officinale (ZO, family Zingiberaceae) in combinations against vomiting induced by highly emetogenic anticancer drug-cisplatin in pigeons. We have analysed the neurotransmitters which trigger the vomiting response centrally and peripherally. Electrochemical detector (ECD) was used for the quantification of neurotransmitters and their respective metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography in the brain stem (BS) and area postrema (AP) while peripherally in the small intestine. Cisplatin (7 mg/kg i.v.) induced reliable vomiting throughout the observation period (24 hrs). CS-HexFr (10 mg) + BM-MetFr (10 mg)-Combination 1, BM-ButFr (5 mg) + ZO-ActFr (25 mg)-Combination 2, ZO-ActFr (25 mg) + CS-HexFr (10 mg)-Combination 3, and CS-HexFr (10 mg) + BM-ButFr (5 mg)-Combination 4; provided ~30% (30 ± 1.1), 70% (12 ± 0.4; P < 0.01), 60% (19 ± 0.2; P < 0.05) and 90% (05 ± 0.1; P < 0.001) protection, respectively, against cisplatin induced vomiting as compared to cisplatin control. Standard MCP (30 mg) provided ~50% (23 ± 0.3) protection (P > 0.05). CS Hexane fraction (10 mg/kg), BM methanolic (10 mg/kg) and bacoside rich n-butanol fraction (5 mg/kg) and ZO acetone fraction (25 mg/kg) alone provided ~62%, 36%, 71%, and 44% protection, respectively, as compared to cisplatin control. The most effective and synergistic combination 4 was found to reduce 5HT and 5HIAA (P < 0.05-0.001) in all the brain areas area postrema (AP)+brain stem (BS) and intestine at the 3rd hour of cisplatin administration. In continuation, at the 18th of cisplatin administration reduction in dopamine (P < 0.001) in the AP and 5HT in the brain stem and intestine (P < 0.001) was observed. The said combination did not change the neurotransmitters basal levels and their respective metabolites any significantly. In conclusion, all the tested combinations offered protection against cisplatin induced vomiting to variable degrees, where combination 4 provided enhanced attenuation by antiserotonergic mechanism at the 3rd hour while a blended antidopaminergic and antiserotonergic mechanism at the 18th hour after cisplatin administration.
Background: Recurrent inguinal hernias present difficult tasks in surgical approaches to address the issue and enhance patient prognosis. Laparoscopic and other forms of obsolete, less invasive surgery are increasingly being preferred to traditional open surgery. Objective: This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the effectiveness of minimal approach strategies compared with the open approach for recurrent inguinal hernia repair. Methods: The present study adhered to the PRISMA flowchart and databases search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus. A total of 29 articles were used from the literature published between 2000 and 2024, which compared minimally invasive techniques and open surgery. Meaningfully, assessment parameters drawn from the study were recurrence rates, post-surgery pain, lengths of hospital stay, complications, and, satisfaction. Structural analysis was performed and combined ordinal data were analyzed for comparison of relative effectiveness. Results: It can be seen that, over the different parameters, minimally invasive approaches provided better results. Repeat rate was smaller (6.06% versus 11.14%), early postoperative pain (3.1 versus 5.4 days); shorter hospital stay (2.5 versus 4.8 days). In the following analysis we observed that the complication rate was significantly less in the minimally invasive group (4.2% vs 8.9%) and patient satisfaction index was slightly higher (89.4 vs 76.3). Further, cross-sectional analysis demonstrated cost effectiveness of laparoscopic techniques and precision in complicated cases offered by robotic operations. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that minimally invasive approaches are superior to open surgery in treating recurrent inguinal hernias in terms of postoperative recurrence, recovery, and patient satisfaction. Patient and surgery based tailored treatment planning should be vital for promoting best treatment results.
Plants are adapted to stressful environments by synthesizing secondary metabolites as antioxidant having either toxicological or medicinal properties. Before utilizations of metabolites one should explore reality about their nature. By testing their in vitro effects on blood, their curing or toxic potential for influence on physiology and health status of an individual can be evaluated. In this experiment, secondary metabolites of some shrubs of Thal desert of Pakistan were extracted in ethanol and used to explore their in vitro effects on some hematological attributes as enlisted in tables. Results were statistically analyzed using Analysis Of Variance. Means of data were compared to control by DMR (Duncan’s multiple range) procedure. Ethanolic extract increased the leucocytes count granulocytes percentage, monocytes lymphocytes MCV, MCH and platelets except extract of Haloxylon stem. HBG were decreased by extract of stems of Leptadenia, Calligonum and Salsola. Leptadenia stem extract also decreased the platelets. Lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and RBC were increased by most of the plant extracts. The practical application of the plant secondary metabolites needs careful further extensive study.
In the Botanical Garden and Research Laboratory of the Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan) the current work was performed to examine the effect of the foliar spray of potassium for lessening the toxicity of heavy metal in three varieties of Canola (Brassica napus L.) viz; Exceed, Cyclone and Legend. Seeds were grown in pots. They were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). When seeds germinated, some were kept without treatment (control) and others were treated with 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg of Lead along with a Potassium spray. Plants were harvested and subjected to phytochemical studies. The role of phytochemical studies (alkaloid, flavonoid, and phenolic) showed an increase in response against heavy metal stress. While the plants treated with Potassium revealed a decreased response in phytochemical studies. Plants treated with both Pb metal and K expressed a lesser increase in phytochemical compared to plants only treated with metal. This study sheds light on the effectiveness of Potassium in improving growth and dealing with metal stress to decrease the harmful effect of heavy metals. However, further studies are required to identify the mechanisms of Potassium mediated alleviation of toxicity of Pb and other heavy metals. Keywords: Alkaloid; Canola; Lead; Potassium; Phytochemicals
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial disease, whose main stay of prevention and management is life-style modification which is difficult to attain. Combination of herbs have proven more efficacious in multi-targeted diseases, as compared to individual herbs owing to the “effect enhancing and side-effect neutralizing” properties of herbs, which forms the basis of polyherbal therapies This led us to review literature on the efficacy of herbal combinations in MetS. Methods: Electronic search of literature was conducted by using Cinnahl, Pubmed central, Cochrane and Web of Science, whereas, Google scholar was used as secondary search tool. The key words used were “metabolic syndrome, herbal/poly herbal,” metabolic syndrome, clinical trial” and the timings were limited between 2005–2020. Results: After filtering and removing duplications by using PRISMA guidelines, search results were limited to 41 studies, out of which 24 studies were evaluated for combinations used in animal models and 15 in clinical trials related to metabolic syndrome. SPICE and SPIDER models were used to assess the clinical trials, whereas, a checklist and a qualitative and a semi-quantitative questionnaire was formulated to report the findings for animal based studies. Taxonomic classification of Poly herbal combinations used in animal and clinical studies was designed. Conclusion: With this study we have identified the potential polyherbal combinations along with a proposed method to validate animal studies through systematic qualitative and quantitative review. This will help researchers to study various herbal combinations in MetS, in the drug development process and will give a future direction to research on prevention and management of MetS through polyherbal combinations.
By knowing the nutritional status of a plant, one can better manage and use it for ethnobotanical purposes. Various nutrients are accumulated as osmotica in plants of stressful environments. The type and quantity of nutrients present in plants also determine the effectivity of medicine obtained from that plant. Hence, practical utilization of these plants as food or medicines needs to explore the exact nature and presence of the nutrient ions for discrimination of their toxic or medicinal nature. In the present study, some important nutrients in a number of xerophytic plants from Cholistan desert of Pakistan were quantified. Leave, stem and root specimens of seasonally available herbs, shrubs and trees were collected and analyzed for sodium, potassium and phosphorus contents. Each sample was replicated thrice. Obtained data were statistically analyzed and presented as Means ± standard deviations. Among the shrubs, maximum concentration of sodium was observed in leaves of Salsola imbricata (269.99 mg/g). The highest concentration of potassium was recorded in stem of Calotropis procera (67.78 mg/g) while maximum phosphorus was found in stem of Pseuda fruticosa (7.051 mg/g). Among the herbs, maximum sodium was found in stem of Orobanche aegyptiaca (234.95 mg/g), maximum potassium in leaves of O. aegyptiaca (270.71 mg.g) and the maximum phosphorus in root of Citrullus colocynthis (9.34 mg/g). For trees, maximum concentration of sodium, potassium and phosphorus were recorded in leaves of Tamarix aphylla (305.40 mg/g), stem of Capparis decidua (132.6 mg/g) and stem of Acacia nilotica (5.90 mg/g) respectively.
Medicinal plants and essentials oils are well known for diverse biological activities including antidiabetic potential. This study was designed to isolate essential oils from the leaves of Persicaria hydropiper L. (P. hydropiper), perform its phytochemical analysis, and explore its in vitro antidiabetic effects.P. hydropiper leaves essential oils (Ph.Los) were extracted using a hydrodistillation apparatus and were subjected to phytochemical analysis using the gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Ph.Lo was tested against two vital enzymes including α-glucosidase and α-amylase which are important targets in type-2 diabetes. The identified compounds were tested using in silico approaches for their binding affinities against the enzyme targets using MOE-Dock software.GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 141 compounds among which dihydro-alpha-ionone, cis-geranylacetone, α-bulnesene, nerolidol, β-caryophyllene epoxide, and decahydronaphthalene were the most abundant compounds. Ph.Lo exhibited considerable inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase enzyme with 70% inhibition at 1000 μg mL-1 which was the highest tested concentration. The inhibitory activity of positive control acarbose was 77.30 ± 0.61% at the same tested concentration. Ph.Lo and acarbose exhibited IC50 of 170 and 18 µg mL-1 correspondingly. Furthermore, dose-dependent inhibitions were observed for Ph.Lo against α-amylase enzyme with an IC50 of 890 μg mL-1. The top-ranked docking conformation was observed for β-caryophyllene epoxide with a docking score of -8.3182 against α-glucosidase, and it has established seven hydrogen bonds and one H-pi interaction at the active site residues (Phe 177, Glu 276, Arg 312, Asp 349, Gln 350, Asp 408, and Arg 439). Majority of the identified compounds fit well in the binding pocket of Tyr 62, Asp 197, Glu 233, Asp 300, His 305, and Ala 307 active residues of α-amylase. β-Caryophyllene epoxide was found to be the most active inhibitor with a docking score of -8.3050 and formed five hydrogen bonds at the active site residues of α-amylase. Asp 197, Glu 233, and Asp 300 active residues were observed to be making polar interactions with the ligand.The current study revealed that Ph.Lo is rich in bioactive metabolites which might contribute to its enzyme inhibitory potential. Inhibition of these enzymes is the key target in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia. However, further detailed in vivo studies are required for their biological and therapeutic activities.
Bacopa monnieri (BM) is a perennial herb, with a historic nootropic image and utility in ayurvedic system of medicine, for the management of various central nervous system disorders like epilepsy, depression and memory deficit amongst others. We investigated the effects of acute and sub chronic (one week) treatment of BM methanolic extract (Mt-ext BM) on dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) turn over in mice whole brain. Mt-ext BM was screened on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection for the quantification of BM major bioactive compound, Bacoside A, mainly comprising of Bacopasaponin C, Bacoside A3, and Bacopaside ll. For acute study, mice groups were administered single dose of 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg of Mt-ext BM orally, while in sub chronic study separate groups received single daily dose of 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg of Mt-ext BM orally for one week. Animals were killed 1 h after the dose by decapitation, and whole brains were excised and analyzed on HPLC coupled with electrochemical detector for changes in DA, 5-HT, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5 hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA). Our results show that both acute and sub chronic oral administration of Mt-ext BM have no significant effect on DA and 5-HT turn over. The neurotransmitters data reflects safety of the BM in acute and sub chronic uses from DA and 5-HT modulation and subsequent pre disposition to neuropsychiatric problems. Although more studies are warranted to explore BM role in DA and 5-HT interplay in specified brain regions.
Key words: Bacoside A, Bacopa monnieri, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT).
The experimental studies were performed for finding antagonistic role of PGRs viz., Kinetin a Polyamine (Spermidine) for soil supplied Chromium toxicity on mash genotypes with age. Four varieties i.e., 80, 88, 97 and ES-1 were sown. Earthen pots were used and placed in complete randomization arrangement. Chromium (Cr) doses were applied @ 30mg/kg and 60mg per kg soil. This was done by adding CrCl3 salt in solutions form after 30 days of sowing. Spermidine and Kinetin were sprayed as 1.0 mM and 100.0 mM solutions respectively after 30 and 40 days of sowing. Growth analysis studies were carried when plants were of 30 and 46 days age. Chromium (Cr) at low level of concentrations in soil lowered the relative increase in plant height more effectively during growth interval 2 while, at higher toxicity levels, metal affected the shoot growth in the growth interval 1. Kinetin spray decreased the relative increase in plant height during growth interval 1while, Spermidine affected so during growth interval 1, increased the parameter. Chromium, at both levels of its concentration in soil, decreased the root growth rate more effectively during growth interval 2. Kinetin reduced relative increase in root length during growth interval 1 and increased it in the next growth interval. However, Spermidine effects started in the growth interval 1 and reached its maximum during growth interval 2. Chromium at lower concentration (30mg/kg soil) decreased the relative increase in leaf area during both intervals of growth. Exogenous Kinetin positively affected relative increase in leaf area and its effect being more pronounced in Ist interval of growth. Spermidine affected this attribute in the same manner but to lesser extent. Metal toxicity became effective during growth interval 2. Kinetin and Spermidine application to plants increased the net assimilation rate during both intervals comparatively more in growth interval
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