Regulating the electronic properties or morphology feature of CO2 electroreduction catalysts can maintain selectivity toward certain reduction products. Here we report a nitrogen doped carbon (NxC) modification strategy that can switch CH4 and CH2CH2 product selectivity during CO2 electrolysis over the Cu catalyst. The fabricated core–shell Cu@NxC catalyst exhibited good performance in suppressing HER and promoting CO2RR. About 90% FEs was achieved over the Cu@NxC-350 °C (10:4) catalyst, of which the CH2CH2 FEs was 54% at −1.4 V vs RHE. However, the C1 product was the majority over the Cu@NxC-400 °C (10:4) catalyst, and 63% FEs of CH4 was achieved at the same applied potential. The in-depth characterization revealed that the remarkable selectivity switching of CH4 and CH2CH2 products originated from the NxC shell, rather than the change in the electronic feature of the Cu core. The more pyrrolic N contained in the Cu@NxC catalyst tended to form bridge-bonded *CO, leading to a dominant CH4 product, while the more pyridinic N contained in the Cu@NxC catalyst tended to form linearly bonded *CO, which was favorable for C–C coupling to form the CH2CH2 product. Our results provided insights into the role of the chemical environment on CO2 electroreduction processes.
Herein, we implanted the Rh2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) by a hydrothermal reaction. After sensitized by Eosin Y, the Rh2O3 transferred into metal Rh to construct a strong interaction interface between Rh NPs and RGO. The fabricated Rh/RGO catalyst exhibited high performance for photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation. About 98.1 mmol·g–1·h–1 H2 evolution rate was achieved with a maximum apparent quantum efficiency of 79.3% at 520 nm, which was superior to that of Rh (13.9 mmol·g–1·h–1) and Rh mixed with RGO (32.7 mmol·g–1·h–1) catalysts. The enhanced H2 evolution performance was attributed to the excellent electron conduction ability of RGO and the strong interaction between Rh NPs and RGO, which could accelerate the electron transfer and prolong the charge lifetime. In addition, the strong interaction could ensure the strong anchoring to maintain the excellent stability of the Rh/RGO catalyst. Our work will provide an avenue to design high-performance catalysts by fabricating a strong interfacial interaction strategy for photocatalytic H2 evolution.
To observe the impact of improving the compliance of ventilator bundle on morbidity of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) guided by context of Joint Commission International (JCI) settings, and to study the oral care efficacy of suction tube sponge brush.A prospective study was conducted. The patients who needed MV admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2013 to December 2016 were enrolled. In the context of JCI settings, necessary measurements were taken to enhance the compliance of ventilator bundle each year. In 2013, the preventive measures were set up and the education was strengthened. In 2014, the compliance of hand hygiene and bedside elevation was strengthened. In 2015, a control study was conducted to evaluate the effect between the traditional cotton dipped in chlorhexidine and the suction tube sponge brush rinsed with chlorhexidine on oral health impact parameters. The suction tube sponge brush rinsed with chlorhexidine oral care was introduced to improve compliance. In 2016, electronic bundle checklist for daily self-audits was conducted. The annually morbidity of VAP through the software of hospital and ICU was collected and calculated. The annual incidence of VAP was indicated by the VAP cases per 1 000 MV days. Based on the VAP incidence rate in 2013 as 1, the VAP incidence-rate ratio (IRR) of each year was calculated.During the study period, a total of 2 733 patients admitted to the ICU, including 1 403 patients undergoing MV. Ninety-four of the 1 403 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), aspiration pneumonia, back elevation ban, incomplete information, and withdrew from the study were excluded. 1 399 patients undergoing MV were enrolled in the final analysis, with total MV days of 11 012 days, and 94 patients occurred VAP. The annual incidence of VAP was progressively declined from 2013 to 2016, and the VAP cases per 1 000 MV days were 17.0, 10.0, 5.9, 3.5 cases, respectively. Based on the VAP incidence rate in 2013, the IRR of VAP from 2014 to 2016 was also progressively declined, which was 0.59 [95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 0.35-0.98], 0.35 (95%CI = 0.18-0.64), and 0.21 (95%CI = 0.09-0.41), with statistical significance (all P < 0.05). In 2013, ICU patients had the lowest rates of bedside elevation and hand hygiene compliance, which were 28.57% and 54.29%, respectively. Compared with 2013, by the implementation of two quality control circle (QCC) projects for bedside elevation and hand hygiene, the rates of bedside elevation and hand hygiene compliance were improved significantly in 2014, which were 82.35%, 91.18%, respectively (both P < 0.05). In 2015, the compliance of chlorhexidine oral care which was the worst performed in 2014 had been improved by the method of QCC, and the rate of the compliance was significantly higher than that in 2013 (87.10% vs. 62.86%, P < 0.05). Compared with 2013, bundle compliance was significantly increased in 2016, except for the sterile operation of the suction tube [daily wake and weaning: 95.00% vs. 71.43%, bedside elevation for over 30degree angle: 92.50% vs. 28.57%, hand hygiene: 97.50% vs. 54.29%, chlorhexidine mouth care once per 6-8 hours: 95.00% vs. 62.86%, turned back and posture drainage: 97.50% vs. 80.00%], the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The incidences of bad breath, dirt residue and plaque were significantly lower in the group of oral care by using suction tube sponge brush with chlorhexidine (30 cases) compared with the group of traditional cotton pad with chlorhexidine (30 cases; bad breath: 10.0% vs. 40.0% %, dirt residue: 16.7% vs. 70.0%, plaque: 3.3% vs. 30.0%, all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of oral ulcers between the oral brush group and the traditional group (10.0% vs. 30.0%, P > 0.05).Ventilator bundle can effectively reduce the morbidity of VAP in the context of JCI settings, and the oral care by using suction tube sponge brush and chlorhexidine can effectively improve oral hygiene.
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