The growing plus-end is a key regulatory site for microtubule dynamics. MCAK (mitotic centromere-associated kinesin), a microtubule depolymerizing kinesin, is an end-binding regulator of catastrophe frequency. It is intriguing how MCAK specifically binds to dynamic microtubule ends. Here, we measure the end-binding kinetics of MCAK using single-molecule imaging and reveal the end-binding preference. MCAK binds to the entire GTP cap, including the EB cap and the distalmost cap. Further analysis shows that MCAK strongly binds to GTPγS microtubules, suggesting that it could recognize the nucleotide-dependent feature of microtubules. Moreover, the binding preference is independent on the nucleotide state of MCAK, and this feature facilitates the high-affinity end-binding of MCAK. Finally, we show that despite partially sharing the binding regions, MCAK and XMAP215 function in an additive manner, demonstrating a simple logic of how the end-binding regulators work in co-ordination. In all, our results provide novel insights into understanding how MCAK regulates the dynamics of microtubule ends.
Over the past decades, HPLC enantioseparation with chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has been widely applied in chiral analysis and preparation of new pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food, etc. Herein, enantioseparation of 20 chiral compounds have been carried out on three polysaccharide-based CSPs (EnantioPak AD, AS and OD) with normal phases by HPLC, separately. The influences of skeletal structure and the kinds of derivative groups on separation behaviors of these CSPs have been studied in detail. As results indicated, except for compound 13, the other compounds were baseline separated on EnantioPak AD, with most of resolution over 2. 0; in addition, better separation for acidic or basic compounds was achieved through adding acidic/basic additives into the mobile phase of hexane-alcohol. For four aromatic alcohols (compounds 13-16), their retention in the EnantioPak AD column showed a weakening tendency with increase of carbon number in side chain group, and the reverse trend of their resolution was observed. Furthermore, EnantioPak AD showed much better separation performance for eight compounds (13-20) than the others. In short, these results have provided some references for further investigation of separation behavior and applications of polysaccharide-based CSPs.
In this study, a simple and low-cost hydrothermal technique was used to synthesize pristine ZnO and different vanadium-doped ZnO (ZnO:V) nanoflowers, the ratios of V/Zn were 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 atom%, respectively. The crystal structure and morphology of all the samples were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM, respectively. XRD analyses displayed that they were ZnO with pure hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM results revealed that they were all the flower-like nanostructures assembled with many ZnO nanorods. Furthermore, five UV photodetectors were established by using the resulting pristine ZnO and ZnO:V nanoflowers, their performances were evaluated in detail. Of these devices, the 1% V-doped ZnO nanoflowers UV photodetector had the optimal performance, its responsivity and detectivity were up to 107.96 A/W and 3.29×1013 Jones, respectively. This work paves a way for achieving high-performance ZnO:V UV photodetectors.
Background This study was conducted to identify epidemiological characteristics of the first documented CHIK fever outbreak in China and evaluate the effect of the preventive measures taken. Methodology/Principal Findings From September 1 to October 29, 2010, China's first documented outbreak of CHIK fever occurred in the Xincun community of Wanjiang District of Dongguan city, Guangdong province; 253 case-patients were recorded, of which 129 were laboratory confirmed, with an attack rate of 1%. Before September 18th the number of CHIK fever cases remained relatively low in the Xincun community; from September 19th onwards, the number of cases increased drastically, with an outbreak peak on October 4th. Cases were distributed across nine small village groups in the Xincun community, with an attack rate of 0–12% at the village level. The household attack rates ranged between 20% and 100%. No significant difference was found in the attack rate between males and females. There was a significant difference in the attack rate in different age groups (chi-square = 18.35, p = 0.005); highest in patients aged 60 years or older and the lowest in patients aged under 10. The major clinical characteristics of patients are fever (100%), joint pain (79%) and rash (54%). Phylogenetic analysis of the E1 gene on the five earliest confirmed cases showed that the strains of CHIKV isolated from their sera were highly homologous (up to 99%) with isogeneic strains isolated in Thailand in 2009. After control measures were taken, including killing adult mosquitoes and cleaning breeding habitats of Aedes mosquitoes, the Breteau index and Mosq-ovitrap index decreased rapidly, and the outbreak ended on October 29. Conclusion/Significance The infection source of the outbreak was imported. Cases showed obvious temporal, spatial, and population aggregation during the outbreak. Comprehensive control measures based on reducing the density of Aedes mosquitoes were effective in controlling the epidemic.
Eucommiae Cortex (Duzhong) has been collected in the several Pharmacopoeias. However, its Pharmacopoeia quality-marker is outdated and unreasonable. The study therefore used database-aided ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS/MS) analysis, to putatively identify 33 compounds from Eucommiae Cortex. Especially, 14 "unexcavated" compounds were detected out in Eucommiae Cortex for the first time; Meanwhile, all monocaffeoylquinic acid isomers (i.e., 1-O-, 3-O-, 4-O-, and 5-O- caffeoylquinic acids) have been strictly distinguished from each other and three dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers (1,3-O-, 3,5-O-, and 4,5-O- dicaffeoylquinic acids) have been distinguished as well. All identified compounds were further subjected to a semi-quantification analysis, through which chloesteryl acetate (4.11 ± 0.46%), sucrose (3.53 ± 0.063%), and (-)-syringaresinol (2.81 ± 1.31%) were found to be highly abundant. Furthermore, the semi-quantification results were integrated with ABTS+• antioxidant assay to calculate antioxidant contribution of all of individual compounds. (-)-Syringaresinol, neochlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, and (-) pinoresinol were proven to be top five antioxidant contributors, and their contribution values were 97.50, 46.31, 40.57, 35.05, and 30.90. Of top contributors, chlorogenic acid was proposed as additional pharmacopoeia Q-marker for its good testability and traceability. The additional Q-marker not only enhances the pharmacological relevance, but also can effectively recognize Eucommiae Cortex from its counterfeiting via liquid chromatography analysis.
Kinetic parameters estimated with dynamic 18F-FDG PET/CT can help to characterize hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aim to evaluate the feasibility of the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) for kinetic parameter estimation and to propose a dynamic chaotic gravitational search algorithm (DCGSA) to enhance parameter estimation.Five-minute dynamic PET/CT data of 20 HCCs were prospectively enrolled, and the kinetic parameters k1 ~ k4 and the hepatic arterial perfusion index (HPI) were estimated with a dual-input three-compartment model based on nonlinear least squares (NLLS), GSA and DCGSA.The results showed that there were significant differences between the HCCs and background liver tissues for k1, k4 and the HPI of NLLS; k1, k3, k4 and the HPI of GSA; and k1, k2, k3, k4 and the HPI of DCGSA. DCGSA had a higher diagnostic performance for k3 than NLLS and GSA.GSA enables accurate estimation of the kinetic parameters of dynamic PET/CT in the diagnosis of HCC, and DCGSA can enhance the diagnostic performance.
In cells, microtubule dynamics are regulated by plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs). End-binding protein 1 (EB1, also known as MAPRE1) acts as a master regulator of +TIP networks by targeting the growing ends of microtubules and recruiting other factors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying high-affinity binding of EB1 to microtubule ends remains an open area of research. Using single-molecule imaging, we show that the end-binding kinetics of EB1 change when the polymerization and hydrolysis rates of tubulin dimers are altered, confirming that EB1 binds to GTP-tubulin and/or GDP-Pi-tubulin at microtubule growing ends. The affinity of wild-type EB1 to these sites is higher than that of monomeric EB1 mutants, suggesting that both calponin homology domains present in the EB1 dimer contribute to end binding. Introduction of phosphomimetic mutations into the EB1 linker domain weakens the end-binding affinity and confers a more curved conformation on the EB1 dimer without compromising dimerization, suggesting that the overall architecture of EB1 is important for its end-binding affinity. Taken together, our results provide insights into how the high-affinity end-binding of EB1 is achieved and how this activity may be regulated in cells.
Abstract Motivation: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in complex cellular networks by binding to the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of protein coding genes. It has been found that miRNA regulation is often condition-specific. A number of computational approaches have been developed to identify miRNA activity specific to a condition of interest using gene expression data. However, most of the methods only use the data in a single condition, and thus, the activity discovered may not be unique to the condition of interest. Additionally, these methods are based on statistical associations between the gene expression levels of miRNAs and mRNAs, so they may not be able to reveal real gene regulatory relationships, which are causal relationships. Results: We propose a novel method to infer condition-specific miRNA activity by considering (i) the difference between the regulatory behavior that an miRNA has in the condition of interest and its behavior in the other conditions; (ii) the causal semantics of miRNA–mRNA relationships. The method is applied to the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and multi-class cancer (MCC) datasets. The validation by the results of transfection experiments shows that our approach is effective in discovering significant miRNA–mRNA interactions. Functional and pathway analysis and literature validation indicate that the identified active miRNAs are closely associated with the specific biological processes, diseases and pathways. More detailed analysis of the activity of the active miRNAs implies that some active miRNAs show different regulation types in different conditions, but some have the same regulation types and their activity only differs in different conditions in the strengths of regulation. Availability and implementation: The R and Matlab scripts are in the Supplementary materials . Contact: jiuyong.li@unisa.edu.au Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.