Physically larger more complex server processors are creating or exacerbating thermal and mechanical challenges in platform design. The larger processors are due, in large part, to the ever increasing core count, increasing integration, and growing I/O performance requirements which pushes pin count demand upwards on the socket thus driving higher processor loading requirements. As a direct result of larger packages and higher loads, the flatness of the package Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS) can be negatively impacted thereby aggravating the current challenges in thermal performance, socket/processor low level contact resistance, and socket solder joint reliability. This paper explores the relationship between processor loading, package IHS flatness, and thermal/mechanical performance at both end of line and end of life. Fundamental learnings were uncovered through investigation of the thermal performance validation of Intel's next generation server processors and their corresponding cooling solutions coupled with historical processor thermal/mechanical test data and targeted mechanical sensitivity studies. Thermal degradation focused on IHS flatness quantification, identifying the main drivers triggering degradation post reliability stress, and optimizing key parameters. Utilizing a comprehensive approach encompassing diverse historical thermal data revealed there exists a complex interaction between multiple parameters which can result in a significant impact. It was demonstrated that when parameters were isolated, there was little impact but combining multiple parameters could result in significant thermal degradation. This was a critical and fundamental finding which corroborated that a design must comprehend and test the assembly as a whole to develop retention and cooling solutions that can eliminate or at least minimize both the end of line and end of life thermal resistance.
This paper analyses current situation of DTS application,indicates the weak point of DTS in self-training,and provided the solution of DTS for self-training.It gives out the construction of the software system on basis of demand analysis.This solution implements the training's closed-loop through the trainee simulator module.And it adopts the user-oriented rules to strengthen the training evaluation.The solution is flexible and practical,which can not only guide the self-training DTS but also is useful for improving the evaluation function of classic DTS.
Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR), relying on an inertial measurement unit (IMU), plays a crucial role in the pedestrian positioning system. However, existing step model-based methods suffer from low positioning accuracy, and foot-mounted inertial navigation systems (Foot-INS) require specialized shoe, limiting their application to ordinary users. To address these issues, this article introduces a shin-mounted inertial navigation system (Shin-INS) for pedestrians, leveraging an IMU. First, a novel static state detector is proposed, enabling precise detection of the foot-ground contact state by projecting IMU observations to the ankle using lever-arm compensation. Additionally, the zero position increment update (ZPIU) is employed to effectively mitigate velocity errors within the INS, thereby achieving accurate estimation of the user's position. Through tests conducted on both normal and abnormal walking scenarios, the results demonstrate that Shin-INS significantly enhances system installation convenience while achieving comparable positioning performance compared to Foot-INS.
The genetic simulated annealing algorithm can get global solution with low computational load.By means of this algorithms optimization method, the Support Vector Machines(SVM) radial basis probabilistic kernel parameters of the performance was found out. A special software was developed on this method, it can be used in different field and improved the application of SVM in industry area. Then, a model of the battery capacity was established, and its correctness was tested by contrast with cross validation.
Ductile iron is a high-strength cast iron material. The spherical graphite obtained by inoculation treatment effectively improves the mechanical properties of cast iron, resulting in higher strength than carbon steel. However, severe corrosion may occur under specific circumstances, especially in thermal water pipelines. In this paper, the corrosion mechanisms at the main defective points of ductile iron were investigated using microscopic morphological characterization after accelerated tests combined with numerical simulations. The influence law of each environmental factor on the corrosion kinetics of ductile iron in a complex water quality environment was studied using dynamic potential polarization tests. The results showed that the main causative factors leading to the increased corrosion of ductile iron were the presence of tail-like gaps on its surface, and the crescent-shaped shrinkage and loosening organization around the graphite spheres. After mechanical treatment was applied to eliminate the obvious defects, the number of corrosion pits was reduced by 41.6%, and the depth of the pits was slowed down by 40% after five days. By comparison, after ten days, the number of pits was reduced by 51%, and the depth of the pits was slowed down by 50%. The dynamic potential polarization test results show that the dissolved oxygen concentration has the greatest influence on the corrosion of ductile iron in the simulated water environment; meanwhile, the water hardness can slow down the corrosion of ductile iron. The relative influence of each environmental factor is as follows: dissolved oxygen concentration > temperature > immersion time > water hardness > pH > Cl−.
The taper error exists with new character in Gyroscope-free Strap-down Inertial Navigation System. For GFSINS can't give out angle increment directly when adopting Equivalent Rotation Vector Algorithm with four samples, new calculating method was designed and optimized to improve the efficiency of attitude refreshing. At last, the coefficient in the calculating formula of equivalent rotation vector was optimized by Chaos Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. The simulation result showed that it could eliminate the influence of taper error effectively and improve the navigation precision.
This paper describes a segmentation model to predict the key characteristic of a Mueller-Muller clock and data recovery circuits (MM-CDR): namely, jitter transfer. On the one hand, the model linearizes the gain of the Mueller-Muller phase detector (MMPD) using its jitter characteristics, then obtains the jitter transfer function in the linear region; on the other hand, according to a large signal critical behavior characteristic of MM-CDR, the jitter transfer function in the nonlinear region is obtained. The experiments all show excellent conformance between analytical equations and simulation results.