Azoospermia (the total absence of sperm in the ejaculate) affects approximately 10% of infertile males. Despite diagnostic advances, azoospermia remains the most challenging issue associated with infertility treatment. Our study evaluated transition nuclear protein 2 (TNP2) and synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) polymorphisms, azoospermia factor a (AZFa) microdeletion, and gene expression levels in 100 patients with azoospermia.
Background: Male infertility contributes to roughly 15% of all infertility cases in couples. The most common cause of male infertility is azoospermia, which is caused by genetic mutations. The connection between various single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PRM genes and AZF region microdeletions with male infertility has not been reported.In this case-control study, 100 infertile males (33 with azoospermia, 48 with oligozoospermia, and 19 with severe oligozoospermia) were chosen as the study subjects, and 100 fertile males were selected. Total DNA from peripheral blood was used to amplify two sequence-tagged site markers through multiplex PCR to detect AZFc partial deletions, and SNPs in PRM1 and PRM2 were determined through PCR-RFLP. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to evaluate PRM1, PRM2, and DAZ1 (found in the AZFc region) expression levels in testis tissue.The frequency of the rs779337774 SNP in the PRM2 gene in the study population had no significant differences. However, a significant association was observed between the rs737008CA genotype (P= 0.013) and the C allele (P= 0.025) as a risk factor for male infant mortality. The deletion of sY254 and sY255 was discovered in azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia patients. Furthermore, all of these genes showed considerably low expression levels. However, only DAZ1 was identified with diagnostic biomarker potential (AUC=0.742).When these genes expression levels are reduced, the likelihood of spermatozoa retrieval in azoospermic individuals is elevated. Furthermore, no significant association was observed between PRM2 polymorphism and azoospermia; however, the CA genotype of PRM1 polymorphism is significantly associated with azoospermia incidence.
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory demyelination disease with incomplete remyelination in the CNS. It would be more informative to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of MS. Molecular mechanisms involving epigenetic changes play a pivotal role in this disease. Epigenetic changes impact gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. The main epigenetic modifications that play a key role in the regulation of gene expression principally include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA- associated post-transcriptional gene silencing. In this review, we summarize the dynamics of epigenetic changes and their relation to environmental risk factors in MS pathogenesis. Studies suggest that epigenetic changes have a role in the development of MS and environmental risk factors, such as vitamin D, smoking, and Epstein-Barr virus infection seem to influence the development and susceptibility to MS. Investigating epigenetic and environmental factors can provide new opportunities for the molecular basis of the diseases, which shows complicated pathogenesis. Epigenetic research has the potential to complete our understanding of MS initiation and progression. Increased understanding of MS molecular pathways leads to new insights into potential MS therapies. However, there is a need for in vivo evaluation of the role of epigenetic factors in MS therapy. It would be more valuable to indicate the role of various epigenetic factors in MS.
AMA Farsi N, Naghipour B, Shahabi P, et al. The role of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic targeting of tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology - Manuscripts Accepted. 2023. doi:10.5114/ceh.2023.131669. APA Farsi, N., Naghipour, B., Shahabi, P., Safaralizadeh, R., Hajiasgharzadeh, K., & Dastmalchi, N. et al. (2023). The role of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic targeting of tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology - Manuscripts Accepted. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceh.2023.131669 Chicago Farsi, Nasim Rahimi, Bahman Naghipour, Parviz Shahabi, Reza Safaralizadeh, Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh, Narges Dastmalchi, and Mohammad Reza Alipour. 2023. "The role of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic targeting of tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes". Clinical and Experimental Hepatology - Manuscripts Accepted. doi:10.5114/ceh.2023.131669. Harvard Farsi, N., Naghipour, B., Shahabi, P., Safaralizadeh, R., Hajiasgharzadeh, K., Dastmalchi, N., and Alipour, M. (2023). The role of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic targeting of tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology - Manuscripts Accepted. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceh.2023.131669 MLA Farsi, Nasim Rahimi et al. "The role of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic targeting of tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes." Clinical and Experimental Hepatology - Manuscripts Accepted, 2023. doi:10.5114/ceh.2023.131669. Vancouver Farsi N, Naghipour B, Shahabi P, Safaralizadeh R, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Dastmalchi N et al. The role of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic targeting of tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology - Manuscripts Accepted. 2023. doi:10.5114/ceh.2023.131669.
The stem cells' ability to divide asymmetrically to produce differentiating and self-renewing daughter cells is crucial to maintain tissue homeostasis and development. Stem cell maintenance and differentiation rely on their regulatory microenvironment termed 'niches'. The mechanisms of the signal transduction pathways initiated from the niche, regulation of stem cell maintenance and differentiation were quite challenging to study. The knowledge gained from the study of Drosophila melanogaster testis and ovary helped develop our understanding of stem cell/niche interactions and signal pathways related to the regulatory mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis of adult tissue. In this review, we discuss the role of signaling pathways in Drosophila gonadal stem cell regeneration, competition, differentiation, dedifferentiation, proliferation, and fate determination. Furthermore, we present the current knowledge on how these signaling pathways are implicated in cancer, and how they contribute as potential candidates for effective cancer treatment.
Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most significant threat to women’s life. To demonstrate its molecular mechanisms, which results in BC progression, it is crucial to develop approaches to enhance prognosis and survival in BC cases.Areas covered: In the current study, we aimed to highlight the updated data on the oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of lncRNAs in the progression of various subtypes of BC by specifically putting importance on the functional characteristics, modulatory agents, therapeutic potential, future perspectives and challenges of lncRNAs in BC. We reviewed recent studies published between 2019 and 2020.Expert opinion: The latest investigations have demonstrated that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in different BC molecular subtypes via different molecular mechanisms; however, the exact functional information of the lncRNAs has yet to be elucidated. The studied lncRNAs could be more applicable as therapeutic targets in BC treatment after pre-clinical and clinical studies.
HPV tests have significant drawbacks in terms of detecting and differentiating types of the virus. PCR techniques provide timely and necessary results for patient care with high quality, sensitivity, and reasonable cost.The sensitivity of PCR depends on the primers. In this study, a method was designed that exploited PCR with designed primers (ScTd) by changing the annealing temperature (Ta) along with Sanger sequencing for pap smear samples. Sanger sequencing has confirmed that ScTd primers have a relative differentiation power using PCR. The primers caused a relative differentiation by PCR. In the pap smear sample 22 with contamination of types 16, 31, and 45, confirmed by dot blot hybridization, type 16 was not amplified at the specific Ta. Moreover, the band was observed at low Ta.Sanger sequencing showed that type 16 was detected instead of type 52. Sequencing the heterozygous bands in multiple infections also led to the identification of different types. Moreover, with a combination of 7 pairs of primers, HPV types can be detected in multiple infections by PCR.As compared with the clinical dot blot hybridization technique, the utilization of complementary PCR and sequencing methods with designed primers can provide a higher positive predictive value in the detection of high-risk types.
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