The Congenital heart diseases are characterized by morphological defects in the embryonic development and the most frequent in dogs are: pulmonary and aortic valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect and persistente ductus arteriosus. They may occur asymptomatically or even evolve to congestive heart failure. The definitive diagnosis is made through the visualization of the alterations in the echocardiogram. In the present report, a French Bulldog, three month old, asymptomatic was presented to a private Veterinary practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cardiac auscultation evidenced a systolic heart murmur in tricuspid focus and diastolic murmur in pulmonary focus. To better evaluate the dog chest radiography, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were perfomed and allowed the diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis. The clinical treatment with beta-blocker was installed and the surgical procedure was performed with the ballon valvuloplasty. The aim of this study was to report a case of pulmonary artery stenosis in a puppy, treated clinically and surgically, emphasizing the importance of the physical and complementary cardiological exams.
Chronic degenerative mitral valve disease is the most common acquired heart disease and the main cause of congestive heart failure (CHF) in middle-aged to elderly dogs, being more frequent in small and miniature breeds, being rare in breeds of medium to large size.This disease is characterized by nodular deformity of the valve leaflets, as well as thickening and, in some cases, distension of the chordae tendineae.Echocardiographic findings include cardiomegaly, thickening of the atrioventricular valves, valve insufficiency and myocardial dysfunction, which, in turn, become more common with the progression of the disease.According to the consensus of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, endocardiosis can be classified into stages, according to its clinical evolution.The objective of the present study was to determine the clinical, electrocardiographic, radiographic and echocardiographic profile of dogs with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease in a cardiology service between the years 2017 to 2022.The selected animals were those whose diagnoses involved valve alteration with association with echocardiographic evaluation.The data obtained were compiled in Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets and evaluated using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation using the BioEstat® software.Through the observations and results obtained, it was possible to relate that the hypothesis of the correlation between the severity of clinical signs and the exacerbation of the structural alteration of the heart valves may be indicators of a worse prognosis for the evolution of chronic degenerative mitral valve disease.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the HRV in the brachycephalic races, before and after surgical correction of the stenosis of the nostrils, by means of prolonged electrocardiography, observing the excess of the parasympathetic stimulation regarding the occurrence of bradyarrhythmias and their clinical consequences, and possibility of improvement of the autonomic balancing after the treatment, increasing the quality and life expectancy of these patients. Sixteen dogs with nostril stenosis were included, where the analysis and progression of the HRC findings at different moments before the surgical procedure (day 0) and after the procedure were performed in two moments, 30 and 60 days. The technique of alavestibulplasty was performed and HRV analysis was recorded by means of prolonged electrocardiography. For this examination, the indexes were analyzed in the time domain. Regarding the clinical findings, there was an improvement in the evaluation of the heart and respiratory rate, as well as a reduction in parasympathetic activity, as shown in the bradyarrhythmias. Regarding the HRV indexes in the time domain, rMSSD and SDNN associated with mean heart rate findings, have brought strong indications that the reduction of parasympathetic stimulation is related to the reduction of HRV in these animals. The rMSSD is the HRV index in the domain of the time that early changed can be used as indicator of the increase of the parasympathetic activity caused by the Brachycephalic Syndrome
Brachycephalic dogs are usually affected by primary and secondary anatomical changes in the airways that contribute to the brachycephalic syndrome. Chronically, these changes contribute to an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and right cardiac overload (cor pulmonale). The right cardiac function in 17 dogs with brachycephalic syndrome was assessed using echocardiography before, and at 30 and 60 days after rhinoplasty. The maximum pulmonary systolic flow velocity, the pressure gradient between the AP and RV (GrFP), the right ventricular systolic function (tricuspid ring systolic excursion (TAPSE), the variation of the right ventricular area (FAC), the velocity of the systolic displacement of the right ventricular myocardium (S’) by tissue Doppler) and right ventricular diastolic function (transtricuspid flow and the relationship between the E and A waves, evaluation of the E’ and A’ waves using tissue Doppler of the free wall of the right ventricle) were evaluated. The right ventricular fractional area, velocity, and pressure gradient of pulmonary arterial flow showed the best sensitivity in these analyses. The present study reinforces the concept that obstructions in the anterior airways contribute to pulmonary hypoxia. However, the correction of these obstructions proved to be beneficial in the reduction of right heart overload.
Os rins são órgãos responsáveis pela homeostasia do organismo, por meio do equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e seu papel na excreção e reabsorção. Esses órgãos estão sujeitos a lesões causadas por agentes tóxicos, infecciosos ou isquêmicos. A injuria renal aguda (IRA) é responsável por inúmeras complicações no organismo, tendo repercussão em vários órgãos, como os pulmões, podendo levar ao aumento da permeabilidade vascular. A pneumonite urêmica é resultante das alterações da permeabilidade vascular pulmonar, secundária a uremia em cães portadores de IRA. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de pneumonite urêmica, em um filhote canino. A queixa principal relatada pelo tutor foi prostração, iniciando-se alguns dias após procedimento cirúrgico. No exame físico, foi observado dispneia, aumento da pressão arterial sistólica sistêmica, e ausculta respiratória com ruído descontínuo áspero. Na realização do T-FAST foi evidenciado padrões de cauda de cometa e, na radiografia observou-se padrão bronquial, intersticial e alveolar em campos pulmonares. O paciente foi internado para tratamento de suporte. Após admissão na internação, foi realizado hemograma e dosadas enzimas bioquímicas, bem como eletrólitos, sendo evidente a uremia, hiperfosfatemia, hipercalemia, leucocitose e policitemia. Ao acompanhamento do paciente, foi observado bradicardia sinusal, ficando o mesmo internado, sob sonda nasal para aporte de oxigênio, sonda gástrica para suprimento alimentar e medicações para suporte. A lesão pulmonar seria melhor descrita por meio de exame histopatológico. Diante disso, o presente trabalho reforça a importância do diagnóstico precoce da IRA e das alterações sistêmicas decorrentes, relacionado-se à rápida intervenção para garantia da sobrevivência do paciente.
Tracheal collapse is the most common progressive affection of the anterior pathways in small animals. The most common clinical symptom is a "goose honk" cough in cases of tracheal collapse and inspiratory discomfort in cases of cervical collapse. The diagnosis is based on the history, physical examination, and imaging tests, notably chest radiography and endoscopic examination. Treatment can be clinical or surgical depending on the degree of collapse. Obesity currently affects several domestic animals and predisposes them to respiratory disorders. The overlapping adipose tissue presses on the muscles of the trachea, aggravating the collapse and influencing the lung compliance and expansion. The present report describes the clinical improvement in an obese canine with tracheal and bronchial collapse after clinical management and therapeutic ration.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of α-Tocopherol to swine insemination doses stored at 5 and 15°C for a period of 72 hours. Semen samples (n=9) collected from three adult Pietrain boars were treated with or without 200 μg/mL of α-Tocopherol. The treatments were: T1: α-Tocopherol + cooling to 5°C; T2: α-Tocopherol + cooling to 15°C; T3: no α-Tocopherol + cooling to 5°C; T4: no α-Tocopherol + cooling to 15°C. All samples were evaluated up to 72 hours for sperm motility and intensity of movements every 12 hours, and the hiposmotic test was performed every 24 hours. The average of the motility, the intensity of movements and hiposmotic test (HOST) were analyzed by chi-square test (х²) with 5% significance level. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) for motility when comparing the temperatures of 5 and 15°C regardless of α-Tocopherol during the period between 12 and 72 hours. The highest motility values were obtained at 15°C. It was also observed a difference (p <0.05) for sperm motility between temperatures of 5 to 15°C when compared only the samples with α-Tocopherol, as well as the samples without this substance. The higher motility was obtained with 15oC. No difference was observed for the intensity of movements and membrane integrity between samples added or not of α-Tocopherol, in any of the temperatures and times evaluated. We concluded that the temperature of 15°C was more efficient for boar semen preservation over 72 hours. It is also concluded that the addition of 200μg/mL of α-Tocopherol showed no improvement in the viability of cooled porcine semen
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system through sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations, which act in an associated way in the regulation of homeostasis. This regulation exercised by the ANS is determined by numerous factors including breathing, stress, temperature, blood pressure and physical activity. Cardiac nerve regulation is influenced by obesity, but the autonomic response present in this disorder has not yet been elucidated. It is known that a 10% increase in body fat is able to lead to a decrease in parasympathetic action and an increase in heart rate. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) allows the evaluation of autonomic heart modulation through the ventricular depolarization intervals to the electrocardiogram (ECG), and provides information on the relationship and contribution of the ANS to the neural influence of heart rate control. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the HRV by means of an electrocardiographic examination in obese dogs with Body Condition Score (BCS) 8/9 and 9/9, comparing with HRV of the same animals, after therapy with therapeutic ration in the period of 6 months, as well as the comparison with control group with lean animals. With the results obtained in the present study, it can be inferred that probably the imbalance in the autonomic activity due to obesity in dogs is not the same as in humans and that a greater understanding of this regulation in these animals is necessary, especially considering their vagotonia. The diet program based on low-calorie ration reached approximately 10% and 20% of weight reduction after two and six months, respectively. Obesity raises HRV by increasing parasympathetic activity in the autonomic regulation of the heart in dogs.
Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrial region. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves and ectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waves within the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis. The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removal in the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigue or cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, he demonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normal range, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpm heart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparote test, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolic blood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified. After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed with different frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic examination, no morphological abnormalities were seen, though trivial mitral insufficiency was identified in a color Doppler study. Blood was collected to measure electrolytes to check for possible electrolytic abnormalities; the results were within the normal range. The patient was released for and remained stable throughout the procedure, maintaining the rhythm detected during the transoperatory time. Upon reassessment in a new ECG examination, the arrhythmia persisted, suggesting that a primary lesion in the atrial tissue was present.Discussion: An atrial ectopic rhythm diagnosis requires a detailed study with the aim of ruling out heart diseases that may affect the propagation of the cardiac stimulus. However, no morphological or functional abnormalities of note that justified triggering stimuli for the ectopic rhythm were observed. In addition, based on the echocardiographic evaluation, myocardial function was preserved, supporting the canine’s release for the procedure. The suspicion of hydroelectrolytic alteration and hypoxia was present after discarding structural causes, though it was discarded due to normal laboratory results. The presence of ectopic P waves was due to the non-interference in the sinus P’ waves; consequently, they were found in the sinus heart rhythm. Upon assessing the ectopic P wave frequency, the atrial rhythm frequency was higher than the heart rate, juxtaposing the different irregular intervals within the atrial cycle. The rhythm alone may explain that its severity can be linked to the physical findings. This indicated that they did not influence the presentation of ectopia since the cardiac output, controlled by the sinus rhythm part, was responsible for maintaining the rhythm and the demand of the organism; the electrical conduction system, responsible for atrial systole, represents 15-25% of the blood ejection for the ventricular filling. Patients with rhythm disorders as described need guidance and follow-up for the early detection of clinical signs resulting from the destabilization of the condition.Keywords: atrial dissociation, supraventricular arrhythmia, electrocardiogram, dogs.
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