C. Tosh

National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases

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S. Nagarajan

National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases

Divakar Hemadri

National Institute Of Veterinary Epidemiology And Disease Informatics

Aniket Sanyal

National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases

H. V. Murugkar

National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases

Manoj Kumar

National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases

Diwakar D. Kulkarni

National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases

R. Venkataramanan

Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

Bramhadev Pattnaik

Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease

Padmanava Behera

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore

S. C. Dubey

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Cooperative Institutions

Indian Veterinary Research Institute

National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease

The Pirbright Institute

Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute

All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health

Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

National Institute Of Veterinary Epidemiology And Disease Informatics

All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal

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Emergence of Val27Ala mutation in M2 protein associated with amantadine resistance in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in India

Acta Virologica (2014)

C. Tosh S. Nagarajan H. V. Murugkar M. Kumar Megha Pandey

Amantadine

Highly pathogenic

H5N1 genetic structure

Resistance mutation

10.4149/av_2014_04_389

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Citations (4)

Genetic and antigenic analysis of type A foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in India during 1987-1996.

PubMed (2001)

Baibaswata Nayak Bramhadev Pattnaik C. Tosh Aniket Sanyal Divakar Hemadri

Twenty-three foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type A field isolates, recovered from different outbreaks during 1987-1996 in India, were subjected to antigenic and genetic analysis. The isolates showed a close antigenic relationship to the current vaccine strain (IND 17/77) in micro-neutralization test conducted using a vaccine strain (IND 17/77) antiserum and a peptide (aa 136-151 of VP1 protein of the A22/Azerbaijan/65 strain) antiserum. However, the isolates revealed minor antigenic differences in their reactivity with three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing trypsin-sensitive conformation-independent epitopes of the vaccine virus strains. Phylogenetic relationship between the isolates was carried out employing a part of the 1D gene (168 nucleotides at the 3'-end). Additional seven type A Indian field isolates reported earlier were included in the analysis. The percent similarity among the Indian isolates varied from 82.7% to 99.4% at nucleotide level, and from 83.9% to 100% at amino acid level. These observations clearly demonstrate genetic heterogeneity of the field isolates. The current vaccine strain IND 17/77 showed divergence of 9.7% at nucleotide level and 5.6% at amino acid level from the A22 Iraq 24/64 isolate. The field strains were divergent from the vaccine strain IND 17/77 by 5.6%-14.6% and 3.7% 13.7% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree, the isolates were distributed into 21 genetic groups. The clustering pattern of the isolates in the phylogenetic tree revealed no specific distribution pattern of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in relation to their geographical locations, caused by unrestricted animal movement and endemic nature of the disease.

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Prevalence and risk factor for H9N2 avian influenza virus in poultry retail shops of Madhya Pradesh

VirusDisease (2024)

Baleshwari Dixit H. V. Murugkar S. Nagarajan C. Tosh Manoj Kumar

Poultry farming

10.1007/s13337-024-00865-y

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Development and evaluation of a multiplex PCR for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains native to India

Journal of Virological Methods (2005)

Palani Giridharan Divakar Hemadri C. Tosh Aniket Sanyal Santanu Bandyopadhyay

Multiplex

10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.015

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Serological Evidence of Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Layer Chicken Farms of Madhya Pradesh, India

Indian Journal of Animal Research (2021)

Manoj Kumar C. Tosh S. Nagarajan H. V. Murugkar Naveen Kumar

Background: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an important viral agent in chicken and turkey production industry and is most commonly associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection and swollen head syndrome. The disease is of significant economic concern as it is highly contagious and can lead to production losses in chicken and turkey flocks, especially when associated with secondary bacterial pathogens. Methods: Herein, we have performed a survey on layer farms in selected areas of Madhya Pradesh State, India to ascertain the aMPV status in laying birds, choanal cleft swabs and sera samples were collected for ELISA and RT-PCR assay. A total of 263 sera and 169 choanal cleft swabs from five districts of Madhya Pradesh State (Indore, Bhopal, Sagar, Guna and Bhind) from layer birds of age group 20-72 weeks were screened for aMPV antibodies and for genome. Result: Out of these Indore had maximum sero-postivity (73.33%), followed by Sagar (5.00%) and Bhopal (4.08%), respectively. Other two districts did not show any seropostivity against aMPV. RT-PCR assay using published primers and in vitro transcribed RNA of nucleoprotein (N) gene as positive control was carried out in 169 choanal cleft samples from four districts (Indore, Bhopal, Sagar and Guna). All the samples were found negative for aMPV genome by RT-PCR assay. Overall, 26/263 (9.88%) sera were positive to aMPV antibodies. As the chickens in India are not vaccinated against avian metapneumovirus therefore, this study indicates that layers are exposed to this important poultry pathogen. This study warrants further investigation in wider geographical area and isolation of aMPV to design the control strategies for aMPV.

Metapneumovirus

Flock

Nucleoprotein

10.18805/ijar.b-4704

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Citations (1)

Experimental infection and pathology of two highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from crow and chicken in house crows (Corvus splendens)

Acta Virologica (2020)

Manoj Kumar H. V. Murugkar S. Nagarajan C. Tosh S. S. Patil

was for the first time isolated from jungle crow in India (Nagarajan et al., 2010).The natural H5N1 outbreaks in crows have been reported from Japan, Bangladesh, and India (Khan et al., 2014;Nagarajan et al., 2010;Tanimura et al., 2006).Once the crow population becomes infected in a roost, the virus tends to circulate for longer period (Khan et al., 2014).The H5N1 virus causes heavy mortality in crows (Ellis et al., 2009).The crows might play an important role in epidemiology and ecology of H5N1 viruses.The pathogenicity of H5N1 virus in house crows is not fully understood.A recent study in crows revealed that jungle crows are highly susceptible to HPAIV H5N1 infection and virus was recovered from crows infected Experimental infection and pathology of two highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from crow and chicken in house crows (Corvus splendens)

Highly pathogenic

10.4149/av_2020_306

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Citations (5)

Emergence of novel reassortant H6N2 avian influenza viruses in ducks in India

Infection Genetics and Evolution (2018)

Manoj Kumar S. Nagarajan H. V. Murugkar Barnalee Saikia Bharati Singh

H5N1 genetic structure

Hemagglutination assay

Reassortment

Flyway

10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.005

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Citations (10)

Survivability of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Poultry Faeces at Different Temperatures

Indian Journal of Virology (2013)

Baleshwari Kurmi H. V. Murugkar S. Nagarajan C. Tosh S. C. Dubey

Highly pathogenic

Persistence (discontinuity)

10.1007/s13337-013-0135-2

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Citations (32)

Phylogenetic evidence of multiple introduction of H5N1 virus in Malda district of West Bengal, India in 2008

Veterinary Microbiology (2010)

C. Tosh S. Nagarajan H. V. Murugkar Rajlaxmi Jain Padmanava Behera

Culling

West bengal

10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.015

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Citations (18)

Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of a vaccine strain and a field isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 with an insertion in VP1 genomic region.

PubMed (2004)

Aniket Sanyal Jajati K. Mohapatra R. Manoj Kumar Subhajit Biswas Divakar Hemadri

Complete nucleotide sequences except the poly (C) tract and poly (A) tail of a vaccine strain (IND 491/97) and an atypical field isolate (IND 321/01) of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia1 are described. Amino acid (aa) sequence analysis of the VP1 protein of the field isolate revealed that the latter has 212 instead of 210 or 211 aa found in the so far available sequences of other FMDV isolates of Asia1 serotype. The insertion was localized in the hypervariable region of aa 130-160 of VP1 protein. Nucleotide sequencing of the entire genome was therefore carried out to detect changes in other parts of the genome, if any, besides VP1, which could contribute to its fitness. An 8.16 kb sequence of IND 491/97 and an 8.162 kb sequence of IND 321/01 were compared with each other and also with the known sequence of IND 63/72, another vaccine strain of serotype Asia1. Comparison of the entire polyprotein coding (L to 3D) region of IND 321/01 with those of the two Asia1 vaccine strains (IND 63/72 and IND 491/97) revealed no significant differences. A similar comparison of IND 491/97 with IND 63/72 revealed variability across the entire length of the genome. In addition to the capsid-coding region, sequence variability was also observed in non-structural proteins albeit to different extent. This study shows that in the gene pool of serotype Asia1 at least three groups of isolates/strains are present with respect to the length of VP1 protein.

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Coding region

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Citations (11)